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OUR ENVIRONMENT
Sub-Concept 15.1
What happens when we
add our waste to the
environment?
Effect of adding waste to
the environment
Human activities produce
a lot of waste materials
which are thrown away
into the environment.
These wastes cause
pollution of air, water
and soil. The waste
materials produced are
of two main types. They
are biodegradable
wastes and non
biodegradable wastes.
i)Biodegradable wastes: are
wastes which are
decomposed into harmless
substances by
microorganisms. E. g.
vegetables, fruits, pulses,
cereals, cotton, jute, wool,
wood, leather, paper,
animal dung, animal bones
ii) Non biodegradable
wastes :- are wastes which
are not decomposed by
microorganisms. E. g.
polythene bags, plastics,
synthetic fibres, glass,
metals, synthetic rubber,
insecticides, pesticides
etc.
Sub-Concept 15.2
Eco-system – What
are its components?
Ecosystem : An ecosystem
consists of all the living
organisms in an area along
with the non living
components and their
interaction.
There are different types of
ecosystems. They are :-
i)Natural ecosystems :- like
forests, deserts, grass
lands, mountains, ponds,
ii) Artificial ecosystems :-
like gardens, parks, crop
fields, aquarium, zoo
etc. Components of an
ecosystem:
An ecosystem consists of
two main components. They
are biotic and abiotic
components.
i) Biotic components :- are
the living components
like plants, animals
and microorganisms. They
consist of producers,
consumers and decomposers.
Producers :- are green
plants which produce food by
photosynthesis.
Consumers :- are
herbivores which get their
food directly from plants,
carnivores which get their
food indirectly from
plants and omnivores
which get their food
directly or indirectly from
plants.
Decomposers :- are
microorganisms which
decompose dead plants and
animals. They decompose
complex organic substances
into simple inorganic
substances in the soil which
are again used by plants.
ii) Abiotic components :- are
the non living components
like air, water, soil,
minerals, sunlight ,
temperature, wind etc.
Food chain :
A food chain is the flow of food
energy from one organism to
the next and to the next and
so on. They usually start with
a producer (plants) and end
with a carnivore. In a food
chain an organism gets food
from one group of organisms.
Eg: Grass Deer Lion
(producer) (1 consumer) (2 consumer)
UV radiation
O2 O + O
O2 + O3
O
The ozone layer present in
the higher layer of the
atmosphere protects the
earth from the harmful UV
radiation from the sun. UV
radiation causes skin cancer
in humans.
The ozone layer is being
damaged by the use of
chemicals like chloro fluoro
carbons (CFCs)used in
refrigerators and fire
extinguishers. So the use of
CFCs is now being reduced
to protect the ozone layer.
Managing the garbage we
produce :
The household waste is
called garbage. Some of
the garbage is
biodegradable and some
are non biodegradable.
Garbage causes
pollution
of air, water and soil. So
it should be disposed
properly.
Some of the methods of
garbage disposal
are :-
i) Land fills
ii) Recycling
iii)Production of biogas
and manure
iv)Preparation
of compost
v) Incineration
vi)Sewage
treatment
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment
Summary
The various components
of an ecosystems are
interdependent.
The produces make the
energy from the sunlight
available to rest of the
ecosystem.
There is a loss of energy
as we go from one tropic
level to the next this
limits the number of
tropic levels in a food
chain.
Human actvisists have an
The use of chemicals like
CFCs has endangered
the ozone layer.
The disposal of waste we
generate is causing
serious environmental
problems.