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Figure 36.1
H+ – + H+
H+
Figure 36.3 – +
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plant cells use energy stored in the proton
gradient and membrane potential
– To drive the transport of many different solutes
–
+
CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
– +
K+ Cations ( K+ , for
– + example) are driven
K+ K+ into the cell by the
membrane potential.
K+
K+ K+
– +
K+
– + Transport protein
Figure 36.4a
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In the mechanism called cotransport
– A transport protein couples the passage of one
solute to the passage of another
– +
H + H+ –
–
– + NO 3
NO
3
– + Cell accumulates
H+ anions ( NO3–, for
H+ H+
example) by
coupling their
H+ transport to the
H+
H+ inward diffusion
–
of H+ through a
NO 3 cotransporter.
– NO
– +
NO
3 –
3
– +
NO3 – H+
H+ – + H+
H+
+ H+
– gradient.
+
H+ S H+
+
–
(c) Contransport of a neutral solute
Figure 36.4c
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Effects of Differences in Water Potential
• To survive
– Plants must balance water uptake and loss
• Osmosis
– Determines the net uptake or water loss by a
cell
– Is affected by solute concentration and
pressure
• Water
– Flows from regions of high water potential to
regions of low water potential
• Pressure potential
– Is the physical pressure on a solution
0.1 M
solution
Pure
water
H2O
ψP = 0
ψS = −0.23
ψ = 0 MPa ψ = −0.23 MPa
Figure 36.5a
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Application of physical pressure
– Increases water potential
(b) (c)
H2O
H2O
ψP = 0.23 ψP = 0.30
ψS = −0.23 ψS = −0.23
ψ = 0 MPa ψ = 0 MPa ψ = 0 MPa ψ = 0.07 MPa
Figure 36.5b, c
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Negative pressure
– Decreases water potential
(d)
H2O
ψP = −0.30 ψP = 0
ψS = 0 ψS = −0.23
ψ = −0.30 MPa ψ = −0.23 MPa
Figure 36.5d
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water potential
– Affects uptake and loss of water by plant cells
Figure 36.6b
Figure 36.7
Cytosol
Transport proteins in
the vacuolar
regulate traffic of
vacuole molecules between
the cytosol and the
Vacuole
membrane regulate
traffic of molecules
between the cytosol
cell wall.
and the vacuole.
Vacuolar membrane
Plasmodesma Plasma membrane (tonoplast)
(a) Cell compartments. The cell wall, cytosol, and vacuole are the three main
Figure 36.8a
compartments of most mature plant cells.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In most plant tissues
– The cell walls and cytosol are continuous from cell
to cell
• The apoplast
– Is the continuum of cell walls plus extracellular
spaces
Symplast
Apoplast
Transmembrane route
Apoplast
The symplast is the
continuum of
cytosol connected The apoplast is
Symplast
by plasmodesmata. the continuum
of cell walls and
extracellular
spaces.
Symplastic route
Apoplastic route
(b) Transport routes between cells. At the tissue level, there are three passages:
the transmembrane, symplastic, and apoplastic routes. Substances may transfer
from one route to another.
Figure 36.8b
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of the Symplast and Apoplast in Transport
• Water and minerals can travel through a plant
by one of three routes
– Out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into
another cell
– Via the symplast
Figure 36.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Once soil solution enters the roots
– The extensive surface area of cortical cell
membranes enhances uptake of water and
selected minerals
Figure 36.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pulling Xylem Sap: The Transpiration-Cohesion-
Tension Mechanism
• Water is pulled upward by negative pressure in
the xylem
Water
Root xylem Ψ
molecule
= – 0.6 MPa
Root
Soil Ψ hair
= – 0.3 MPa
Soil
particle
20 µm
Figure 36.14
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
(a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening Cells turgid/Stoma open Cells flaccid/Stoma closed
and closing (surface view). Guard cells of a typical
angiosperm are illustrated in their turgid (stoma open)
Radially oriented
and flaccid (stoma closed) states. The pair of guard cellulose microfibrils
cells buckle outward when turgid. Cellulose microfibrils
Cell
in the walls resist stretching and compression in the wall
direction parallel to the microfibrils. Thus, the radial
orientation of the microfibrils causes the cells to increase
in length more than width when turgor increases.
The two guard cells are attached at their tips, so the
increase in length causes buckling.
Vacuole
Guard cell
Figure 36.15a
H2O
H2O H2O H2O
Figure 36.15b
• A sugar sink
– Is an organ that is a net consumer or storer of
sugar, such as a tuber or bulb
Companion Sieve-tube
Mesophyll cell (transfer) cell member
Cell walls (apoplast)
Plasma membrane
Plasmodesmata
Proton
H+
pump S
Pressure flow
at the sink.
4 3
Sucrose
H2O
Figure 36.18
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The pressure flow hypothesis explains why
phloem sap always flows from source to sink
• Experiments have built a strong case for
pressure flow as the mechanism of
translocation in angiosperms
EXPERIMENT To test the pressure flow hypothesis,researchers used aphids that feed on phloem sap. An aphid probes with a hypodermic-
like mouthpart called a stylet that penetrates a sieve-tube member. As sieve-tube pressure force-feeds aphids, they can be severed from their
stylets, which serve as taps exuding sap for hours. Researchers measured the flow and sugar concentration of sap from stylets at different
points between a source and sink.
25 µm
Sieve-
tube Sieve-
member Tube
member
Sap
droplet Sap droplet
Stylet
Aphid feeding Stylet in sieve-tube Severed stylet
member exuding sap
RESULTS The closer the stylet was to a sugar source, the faster the sap flowed and the higher was its sugar concentration.
Figure 36.19 CONCLUSION The results of such experiments support the pressure flow hypothesis.