Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Figure 30.1
• Concept 30.1: The reduced gametophytes of
seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen
grains
• In addition to seeds, the following are common
to all seed plants
Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Ovules
Pollen
Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
• The gametophytes of seed plants
Develop within the walls of spores retained within
tissues of the parent sporophyte
• Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships
Sporophyte
Sporophyte
(2n)
(2n)
Gametophyte Gametophyte
(n) (n)
Microscopic male
gametophytes (n)
in pollen cones Sporophyte (2n),
(dependent) Sporophyte (2n) the flowering plant
(independent) (independent)
Integument
Spore wall
Megasporangium
(2n)
Megaspore (n)
• Pollination
Is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant
containing the ovules
• If a pollen grain germinates
It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two
sperm into the female gametophyte within the
ovule
Female
gametophyte (n)
Male gametophyte
Discharged
(within germinating
sperm nucleus (n)
pollen grain) (n)
Food supply
(female
gametophyte
tissue) (n)
Embryo (2n)
(new sporophyte)
Gymnosperm seed. Fertilization initiates
(c)
the transformation of the ovule into a
seed,
which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a
food supply, and a protective seed coat
Figure 30.3c derived from the integument.
• Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked”
seeds, typically on cones
• Among the gymnosperms are many well-
known conifers
Or cone-bearing trees, including pine, fir, and
redwood
• The gymnosperms include four plant phyla
Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
• Exploring Gymnosperm Diversity
Cycas revoluta
PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA
Gnetum
Welwitschia
Ovulate cones
Ephedra
Figure 30.4
• Exploring Gymnosperm Diversity
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA
Douglas fir
Common juniper
Figure 30.4
Gymnosperm Evolution
• Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian
Some plants, called progymnosperms, had begun to
acquire some adaptations that characterize seed
plants
Figure 30.5
• Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record
And dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial
ecosystems
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle
(d) Milkweed, a dry fruit that (e) Walnut, a dry fruit that
Figure 30.8a–e splits open at maturity remains closed at maturity
• Can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new
locations, enhancing seed dispersal
(a) Wings enable maple fruits
to be easily carried by the wind.
• The endosperm
Nourishes the developing embryo
• The life cycle of an angiosperm
Key
1 Anthers contain microsporangia.
Each microsporangium contains micro- 2 Microspores form
Haploid (n)
sporocytes (microspore mother cells) that pollen grains (containing
Diploid (2n) divide by meiosis, producing microspores. male gametophytes). The
generative cell will divide
to form two sperm. The
Microsporangium tube cell will produce the
Anther
Microsporocytes (2n) pollen tube.
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant
(2n) MEIOSIS
Ovary
MEIOSIS Pollen
Germinating
grains
Seed
3 In the megasporangium Stigma
of each ovule, the
megasporocyte divides by Pollen
meiosis and produces four Megasporangium tube
Embryo (2n) megaspores. The surviving (n)
megaspore in each ovule Sperm
Endosperm forms a female gametophyte
6 The zygote Surviving
(food Seed (embryo sac).
develops into an megaspore Pollen
Supply) (3n) tube
embryo that is (n)
packaged along Seed coat (2n)
with food into a Style
seed. (The fruit Antipodal
tissues surround- Female gametophyte cells
ing the seed are (embryo sac) Polar nuclei Pollen
not shown). Synergids tube
Egg (n)
Zygote (2n)
Figure 30.10
which is triploid in this example. Discharged
sperm nuclei (n)
Angiosperm Evolution
• Clarifying the origin and diversification of
angiosperms
Poses fascinating challenges to evolutionary
biologists
Stamen
5 cm
Figure 30.11a, b
An “Evo-Devo” Hypothesis of Flower Origins
• In hypothesizing how pollen-producing and
ovule-producing structures were combined into
a single flower
Scientist Michael Frohlich proposed that the
ancestor of angiosperms had separate pollen-
producing and ovule-producing structures
Angiosperm Diversity
• The two main groups of angiosperms
Are monocots and eudicots
• Basal angiosperms
Are less derived and include the flowering plants
belonging to the oldest lineages
• Magnoliids
Share some traits with basal angiosperms but are
more closely related to monocots and eudicots
• Exploring Angiosperm Diversity
BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
Water lilies
Monocots
Star anise
and relatives
Amborella
Magnoliids
MAGNOLIIDS Eudicots
Figure 30.12
• Exploring Angiosperm Diversity
MONOCOTS EUDICOTS
Monocot Eudicot California
Orchid Characteristics Characteristics poppy
(Lemboglossum (Eschscholzia
fossii) californica)
Embryos
Leaf
venation Pyrenean oak
(Quercus
pyrenaica)
Veins usually Veins usually
parallel netlike
Roots
Flowers
Zucchini
Anther (Cucurbita
Stigma Floral organs Floral organs usually Pepo), female
usually in in multiples of (left) and
Filament Ovary multiples of three four or five male flowers
Figure 30.12
Evolutionary Links Between Angiosperms and Animals
• Pollination of flowers by animals and transport
of seeds by animals
Are two important relationships in terrestrial
ecosystems
(a) A flower pollinated by (b) A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. (c) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some
honeybees. This honeybee is The long, thin beak and tongue of this angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on
harvesting pollen and nectar (a rufous hummingbird enable the animal to nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common
sugary solution secreted by probe flowers that secrete nectar deep adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored,
flower glands) from a Scottish within floral tubes. Before the hummer highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can
broom flower. The flower has a leaves, anthers will dust its beak and locate.
tripping mechanism that arches head feathers with pollen. Many flowers
the stamens over the bee that are pollinated by birds are red or
and dusts it with pollen, some of pink, colors to which bird eyes are
which will rub off onto the stigma especially sensitive.
of the next flower the bee visits.
Figure 30.13a–c
• Concept 30.4: Human welfare depends greatly
on seed plants
• No group is more important to human survival
than seed plants
Products from Seed Plants
• Humans depend on seed plants for
Food
Wood
Many medicines
Table 30.1
Threats to Plant Diversity
• Destruction of habitat
Is causing extinction of many plant species and
the animal species they support