ME 2105 Introduction to

Material Science (for Engineers)

Dr. Richard R. Lindeke, Ph.D.

 B Met. Eng. University of Minnesota,
1970
 Master’s Studies, Met Eng. Colorado
School of Mines, 1978-79 (Electro-Slag
Welding of Heavy Section 2¼ Cr 1 Mo
Steels)
 Ph.D., Ind. Eng. Penn State University,
1987 (Foundry Engineering – CG Alloy
Development)
 Syllabus and Website:
 Review the Syllabus
 Attendance is your job – come to class!
 Final is Common Time Thursday, Friday or Sat (Dec 17,
18 or 19)
 Semi-Pop Quizzes and homework/Chapter Reviews (Ch
14) – (20% of your grade!) – note, homework is
suggested to prepare for quizzes and exams!
 Don’t copy from others; don’t plagiarize – its just the
right thing to do!!
 Course Website:
http://www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME2105/Cover_
Page.htm
Materials Science and Engineering
 It all about the raw materials and
how they are processed
 That is why we call it materials
ENGINEERING
 Minor differences in Raw materials
or processing parameters can mean
major changes in the
performance of the final material
or product
Materials Science and
Engineering
 Materials Science
 The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials.
 Materials Engineering
 The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of
a material to produce a predetermined set of properties
based on established structure-property correlation.
 Four Major Components of Material Science
and Engineering:
 Structure of Materials
 Properties of Materials
 Processing of Materials
 Performance of Materials
And Remember: Materials “Drive”
our Society!
 Ages of “Man” we survive based on the materials we control
 Stone Age – naturally occurring materials

Special rocks, skins, wood
 Bronze Age

Casting and forging
 Iron Age

High Temperature furnaces
 Steel Age

High Strength Alloys
 Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age

Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) – aerospace

Silicon – Information
 Plastics and Composites – food preservation, housing, aerospace and
higher speeds
 Exotic Materials Age?

Nano-Material and bio-Materials – they are coming and then …
A Timeline of Human Materials
“Control”
And Formula One – the
future of automotive is …
http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.html
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Processing):
CG Structure – but with
great care!
Poor “Too
Little”
Good Structure
45KSI YS; 55KSI
UTS

Poor “Too
Much”
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Structures)
Looking At CG Iron Alloy
Development (Results)
 Our Text:
Introduction to Materials Science for
Engineers
 By James F. Shackelford

Seventh Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.

Doing Materials!
 Engineered Materials are a function of:
 Raw Materials Elemental Control
 Processing History
 Our Role in Engineering Materials then is to
understand the application and specify the
appropriate material to do the job as a function
of:
 Strength: yield and ultimate
 Ductility, flexibility
 Weight/density
 Working Environment
 Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact*
* Economic and Environmental Factors often are
the most important when making the final
decision!
Introduction
 List the Major Types of
MATERIALS That You Know:
 METALS
 CERAMICS/Glasses
 POLYMERS
 COMPOSITES
 ADVANCED MATERIALS( Nano-
materials, electronic materials)
Introduction, cont.
 Metals  Polymers
 Steel, Cast Iron,  Plastics, Wood,
Aluminum, Cotton (rayon,
Copper, Titanium, nylon), “glue”
many others  Composites
 Ceramics  Glass Fiber-
reinforced
 Glass, Concrete, polymers, Carbon
Brick, Alumina, Fiber-reinforced
Zirconia, SiN, SiC polymers, Metal
Matrix Composites,
etc.
Structural Steel in Use: The Golden
Gate Bridge
Periodic Table of Elements: The
Metals
Structural Ceramics
Periodic table ceramic compounds are a
combination of one or more metallic elements (in
light color) with one or more nonmetallic
elements (in dark color).
Glasses: atomic-scale structure of (a) a
ceramic (crystalline) and (b) a glass
(noncrystalline)
Optical Properties of Ceramic are
controlled by “Grain Structure”

Grain Structure is a function

of “Solidification”
processing!
Polymers are typically inexpensive and are
characterized by ease of formation and adequate
structural properties
Periodic table with the elements
associated with commercial polymers in
color
 Composite Materials – oh so many
combinations

Fiber Glass
Composite:
Thoughts about these “fundamental”
Materials
 Metals:
 Strong, ductile
 high thermal & electrical conductivity
 opaque, reflective.

 Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of

metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides,
nitrides, sulfides)
 Brittle, glassy, elastic
 non-conducting (insulators)

 Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

 Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
 thermal & electrical insulators
 Optically translucent or transparent.
 The Materials Selection
Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
But: Properties depend on Structure (strength or hardness)

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 µ m
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4µ m
300
30 µ m
200 30 µ m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)

And Processing can change structure!

(see above structure vs Cooling
Rate)
Another Example: Rolling of
Steel

 At h1, L1  At h2, L2
 low UTS  high UTS
 low YS  high YS
 high ductility  low ductility
 round grains  elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processing

determines Structure!
Electrical Properties (of
Copper):
6 i
t % N
2 a
5 .3
+3 i
Cu t% N i Electrical Resistivity of
a N
ρ

4 2.1 6 t% Copper is affected by:

(10-8 Ohm-m)

2 a
Resistivity,

+ .1
Cu u +1
3 e d C • Contaminate level
efo rm % Ni
d 2 a t • Degree of deformation
2 . 1
u +1
C • Operating temperature
C u
1 r e”
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, (°C)
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)
THERMAL Properties
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper: --It decreases when
offers low heat conduction. you add zinc!

400

Thermal Conductivity
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 µ m is on CD-ROM.)
 MAGNETIC Properties
• Magnetic Permeability
• Magnetic Storage: vs. Composition:
--Recording medium
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a
is magnetized by
better recording medium!
recording head.

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
 DETERIORATIVE Properties
• Heat treatment: slows
• Stress & Saltwater... crack speed in salt water!
--causes cracks! 10-8 “as-is”
“held at

crack speed (m/s)

160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source:
Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

4µ m
--material:
7150-T651 Al
"alloy"
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Adapted from Fig. 11.26,
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)
Example of Materials
Engineering Work – Hip
Implant

 With age or certain illnesses joints

deteriorate. Particularly those with large
loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
Example – Hip Implant
 Requirements
 mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
 good lubricity
 biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister

7e.
Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister

7e.
Solution – Hip Implant
Acetabular
Cup and
 Key Problems to Liner
overcome:
 fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
Ball
 cup lubrication material
 femoral stem – fixing
agent (“glue”)
 must avoid any debris in
cup
 Must hold up in body
chemistry Femor
 Must be strong yet al
flexible Stem
 Course Goal is to make you aware of
the importance of Material Selection
by:

• Using the right material for the job.

one that is most economical and
“Greenest” when life cycle usage is
considered
• Understanding the relation between
properties, structure, and processing.

• Recognizing new design opportunities offere

by materials selection.