Tata Bahasa Sastra Dan Formal

TODAY’S ACTIVITIES
KD: READING
ID: MURID DAPAT MEMAHAMI MAKNA
YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM TULISAN
SASTRA, SEPERTI PUISI
KKM: 75
10/15/2020 Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN FORMAL, kelas XI 1

TODAY’S ACTIVITIES
• MANFAAT BELAJAR HARI INI
Dengan mempelajari bahasa sastra, maka
wawasan ilmu kebahasaan para murid akan
lebih luas dan bertambah, berbudi halus dan
terbuka pikirannya bahwa bahasa Inggris itu
bukan hanya mempunyai ragam bahasa
sehari-hari, tapi juga ada ragam bahasa sastra
dan formal

BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS
TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN FORMAL

UNTUK KARYA SASTRA DAN
DOKUMEN RESMI

INTRODUCTION
• Before we go on, take a look at the following
underlined Indonesian words:
Sang mentari muncul di ufuk timur.
Wahai Rembulan! Cantik nian Engkau malam
ini!
Bahtera Nuh akhirnya kandas di Gunung
Ararat, Turki.
Do you understand?
Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN
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INTRODUCTION
Now, take a look at the following red-inked words.
Have you ever heard of such expressions?
“O Romeo, Romeo ! wherefore art thou, Romeo ?”
“Joy to the world, the Lord is come!”
“I, Romeo, take thee, Juliet, to be my wedded wife..”
“Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy
Name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on
earth as it is in heaven.”
“Thee do we worship, and Thine aid we seek.”
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INTRODUCTION
Now, take a look at this picture. Who is he?

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INTRODUCTION
English language that we speak today has
evolved from the style of English which
William Shakespeare spoke when he was
alive. He has contributed a lot to the
growth of Modern English language and
literature. He is the father of English
language and literature.

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INTRODUCTION
William Shakespeare wrote a lot of literary
works. The greatest work of William
Shakespeare is a drama titled “Romeo and
Juliet”.
A lot of poets imitated the way that
Shakespeare spoke English. Literary English
and Formal English are influenced by
Shakespearian English. We are going to learn
Literary English here soon.
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PART A
THE GRAMMAR OF
LITERARY ENGLISH AND
FORMAL ENGLISH

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CHAPTER 1
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
SUBJECT SUBYEK
I saya, aku
we kami, kita
thou /ðaʊ/ engkau , kamu
ye /ji:/ kalian
he dia (laki-laki)
she dia (perempuan)
it dia (hewan, benda, tumbuhan, hal)
they mereka (bisa manusia atau bukan)

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
• The subject is the doer (pelaku):
Thou art happy (= you are happy)
Ye come from Scotland (=you come from Scotland)
And he cometh hither (= and he comes here)
Thou singest (= you sing)
She singeth (= she sings)
Notes.
1. Jika untuk menyapa Tuhan, “thou” harus ditulis dengan huruf kapital: Thou.
2. Dalam nama-nama bangunan, “ye” setara dengan “the”, yang diikuti adjective + -e,
contoh: “Ye Olde Bull and Bush”.

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Kata “ye” yang setara dengan “the” pada
nama bangunan bersejarah

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
SUBJECT OBJECT
I me
we us
thou /ðaʊ/ thee /ði:/
ye /ji:/ you
he him
she her
it it
they them

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
• The object is the victim (korban). Objects
appear after all verbs but “be” and after
prepositions:
I love thee not (= I do not love you)
I give thee it (=I give you it)
Thou art with her (= You are with her)
And the Lord cometh unto thee (=And the Lord comes
to you)

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
SUBJECT POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
I my, mine
we our
thou /ðaʊ/ thy /ðaɪ/, thine /ðaɪn/
ye /ji:/ your
he his
she her
it his, its
they their

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
• The possessive adjective shows possession
(kepemilikan). They are put before nouns. The
words mine and thine are used when followed
by words beginning with vowels.
This is my nose and these are mine eyes.
(=this is my nose and these are my eyes.)
She is thine only lover. (= she is your only lover.)

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
SUBJECT POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
I mine
we ours
thou /ðaʊ/ thine /ðaɪn/
ye /ji:/ yours
he his
she her
it his
they theirs

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
• The possessive pronouns shows possession
(kepemilikan), but they stand alone without
any nouns.
My kingdom is small, but thine is big.
(thine=thy kingdom)
(= My kingdom is small, but yours is big.)

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
SUBJECT REFLEXIVE / EMPHATIC
I myself
we ourselves
thou /ðaʊ/ thyself /ðaɪ'self/
ye /ji:/ yourselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
they themselves

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(KATA GANTI ORANG)
Reflexive or emphatic refers to the doer or the
victim involved.
Reflexive:
Thou hurtest thyself (=you hurt yourself)
Emphatic:
Thou thyself destroyedst it (you yourself destroyed it).

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CHAPTER 2
VERBS
(KATA KERJA)

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AN ENGLISH SENTENCE
English has three moods:
1. Indicative mood (kalimat berita)
a. Present indicative mood (=Simple Present Tense)
b. Past indicative mood (=Simple Past Tense)
2. Subjunctive mood (kalimat pengandaian)
a. Present subjunctive mood
Ini untuk pengandaian yang masih mungkin bisa jadi kenyataan.
b. Past subjunctive mood
Ini untuk pengandaian yang tidak mungkin bisa jadi kenyataan.
3. Imperative mood (kalimat perintah): untuk membuat kalimat perintah
A sentence should match the following formula: S + V

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CONJUGATION OF “TO BE”
(menjadi, berada, adalah, ada, merupakan)
SUBJECT INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IMPERATIVE

PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST MOOD
I am was be were
we are were be were let’s be!
thou art wast be, beest, bist wert be (thou)!
ye are were be were be (ye)!
he is was be were
she is was be were
it is was be were
they are were be were
N.B. Kata “beest” ditemui dalam teks-teks yang lebih tua dan kata “bist” dipakai
dalam dialek West Country.
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CONJUGATION OF “TO BE”
(menjadi, berada, adalah, ada, merupakan)
Contoh kalimat:
1. Thou art our king.
2. Ye were my slaves.
3. If thou be happy, I shall be happy.
4. If only thou wert a flower, I would be the bee.
5. Be ye my friends! Be my friends!

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CONJUGATION OF “TO DRINK”
(minum)
I drink drank drink drank

we drink drank drink drank let’s drink!
thou drink(e)st drank(e)st drink drank drink (thou)!
ye drink drank drink drank drink (ye)!
he drinketh drank drink drank
she drinketh drank drink drank
it drinketh drank drink drank
they drink drank drink drank
N.B. Huruf “e” pada kata “drinkest” boleh dipakai atau boleh pula dihapus. Dalam
kalimat perintah, subyek “thou” dan “ye” boleh dipakai atau dihapus.
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CONJUGATION OF “TO DRINK”
(minum)
Contoh kalimat:
1. He drinketh milk every day.
2. If he drink milk, we shall drink it too.
3. Drink thou of milk, for it is good for thee.

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CONJUGATION OF “TO DO”
(melakukan)
I do did do did
we do did do did let’s do!
thou doest didst do did do (thou)!
ye do did do did do (ye)!
he doeth did do did
she doeth did do did
it doeth did do did
they do did do did

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CONJUGATION OF “TO SAY”
(mengatakan)
I say said say said

we say said say said let’s say!
thou saist/sayest saidst say said say (thou)!
ye say said say said say (ye)!
he saith/sayeth said say said
she say said say said
it say said say said
they say said say said
N.B. Kata-kata “sayest” dan “sayeth” ditemui dalam teks-teks yang lebih tua.

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CHAPTER 3
MODAL VERBS
(KATA KERJA BANTU)

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INTRODUCTION:
MODAL VERBS
Kata kerja bantu biasanya ditemani

oleh kata kerja biasa supaya dapat
menciptakan arti bagi keseluruhan
kalimat. Kata kerja bantu
menambahkan makna kemampuan,
kemungkinan, dll ke dalam kalimat.

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INTRODUCTION
“Do, doth, dost; did, didst”, bersama-sama
dengan kata kerja infinitif atau V1, dipakai
dalam kalimat negatif, kalimat tanya dan
penegasan. Contoh:
Thou eatest bread. (+)
Thou dost not eat bread. (-)
Dost thou eat bread? (+?)
Thou dost eat bread. (emphasis)
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INTRODUCTION
“Have, hath, hast; had, hadst”, bersama-sama
dengan partisipel lampau atau V3 yang tidak
mengandung arti pergerakan, dipakai dalam
kalimat yang mengandung arti “telah”. Contoh:
Thou eatest bread (Simple Present Tense)

Thou hast eaten bread (Present Perfect Tense)

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INTRODUCTION
“Am, is, are, art; was, were, wast”, bersama-
sama dengan kata kerja yang mengandung arti
pergerakan, dipakai dalam kalimat yang
mengandung arti “telah”. Pola kalimat yang sama
juga dipakai dalam kalimat pasif. Contoh:
The Lord cometh to us every day. (Simple

Present Tense)
The Lord is come. (Present Perfect Tense)
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MODAL VERBS: PRESENT TENSE
S HAVE SHALL WILL CAN MAY MUST OUGHT TO DO GO DARE
I have shall will can may must ought to do go dare
we have shall will can may must ought to do go dare
thou hast shalt wilt canst mayest must oughtest to dost goest darest
ye have shall will can may must ought to do go dare
he hath shall will can may must ought to doth goeth dare
she hath shall will can may must ought to doth goeth dare
it hath shall will can may must ought to doth goeth dare
they have shall will can may must ought to do go dare

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MODAL VERBS: PAST TENSE
S HAD SHOULD WOULD COULD MIGHT DID WENT DURST
I had should would could might did went durst
we had should would could might did went durst
thou hadst shouldst wouldst couldst mightest didst wentest durst
ye had should would could might did went durst
he had should would could might did went durst
she had should would could might did went durst
it had should would could might did went durst
they had should would could might did went durst

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MODAL VERBS:MEANING
• WILL, WOULD = akan, mau, bersedia, boleh
• SHALL, SHOULD = akan, harus, wajib, seharusnya
• CAN, COULD = bisa, dapat, boleh, mungkin saja
• HAVE, HAD= mempunyai, telah, sudah
• MAY, MIGHT = mungkin, boleh, mungkin saja
• MUST = harus, pasti (c. 95%)
• OUGHT TO = harus, wajib
• DARE, DURST = berani
• DO, DOST, DOTH, DID = untuk membuat penegasan (memang),
kalimat tanya (apakah?) & negatif (tidak)
• SHOULD/WOULD LIKE TO= ingin
• GO = menjadi
Notes.
The words dost /dʌst/ and doth /dʌθ/ are modal verbs, but doest /ꞌdu:ɪst/ and doeth
/ꞌdu:ɪθ/ are verbs.
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MODAL VERBS:MEANING
• WOULD AS LIEF = lebih suka
• HAD AS LIEF = lebih suka
• WOULD LIEFER = lebih suka lagi

• HAD LIEFER = lebih suka lagi
• WOULD LIEVER = lebih suka lagi
• HAD LIEVER = lebih suka lagi

• WOULD LIEFEST = paling suka
• HAD LIEFEST = paling suka
• WOULD LIEVEST = paling suka
• HAD LIEVEST = paling suka

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MODAL VERBS:
PENGGUNAAN SHALL & WILL (BAGIAN 1)
I shall = akan
we shall= akan
thou wilt = akan
ye will = akan
you will = akan
he will = akan
she will = akan
it will= akan
they will = akan

Catatan:
will not = tidak akan
shall not = tidak akan

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MODAL VERBS:
PENGGUNAAN SHALL & WILL (BAGIAN 1)
I will = mau
we will = mau
thou shalt = harus
ye shall = harus
you shall = harus
he shall = harus
she shall = harus
it shall = harus
they shall = harus

Catatan:
will not = tidak mau
shall not = jangan, dilarang

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CHAPTER 4
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(MENYATAKAN “SUDAH”)

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• Untuk kata kerja yang tidak mengandung arti

pergerakan, contoh : to eat.
Rumus: S + have/hast/hath + V3
Contoh: Thou hast eaten. He hath eaten.
Catatan:
Bentuk V3 yang tidak mengandung pengertian pergerakan ditandai dengan
huruf “h” (=hath) dalam tabel kata kerja, contoh: to eat – ate – eaten h.

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• Untuk kata kerja yang mengandung arti

pergerakan, contoh : to eat.
Rumus: S + am/is/are/art + V3
Contoh: Thou art come. He is come.
Catatan:
Bentuk V3 yang mengandung pengertian pergerakan ditandai dengan
huruf “i” (=is) dalam tabel kata kerja, contoh: to come – came – come i.

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CHAPTER 5
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

SENTENCES AND EMPHASIS
(Kalimat Negatif dan Tanya dan
Penegasan)

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Negatif)
• CARANYA:
1. Taruhlah kata “not”segera sesudah linking
verbs (seperti be, turn, become, go, grow, dll)
Contoh:
Thou art our king (+)
Thou art not our king. (-)

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Negatif)
2. Taruhlah kata “not” sebelum preposition (kata
depan), semacam “in”, “on”, dll. Contoh:
Ye live in heaven. (+)

Ye live not in heaven. (-)

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Negatif)
3. Tambahkanlah kata “no” sebelum kata benda
dan hilangkan kata sandang “a” jika di dalam
sebuah kalimat ada kata bendanya, dll. Contoh:
King Solomon hath a palace (+)
King Solomon hath no palace. (-)
Plant thou roses at my head. (+)

Plant thou no roses at my head. (-)
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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Negatif)
4. Untuk teks yang lebih tua dan berpuitis,
taruhlah kata “not” di akhir kalimat jika kata
kerjanya bukan linking verbs (khususnya “be”).
Contoh:
She loveth me (+)

She loveth me not. (-)

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Negatif)
5. Untuk teks yang lebih modern dan berkurang
puitisnya, gunakanlah modal verbs “do, doth,
dost, did” + “not” di sebelah kiri kata kerja jika
kata kerjanya itu bukan linking verbs. Contoh:
She loveth me. (+)
She doth not love me. (-)

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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
(Kalimat Tanya)
• CARANYA:
1.Taruhlah kata kerja “be” (am, is, are, art; was,
were, wast; wert) di awal kalimat dan taruhlah
tanda tanya di akhir kalimat. Negasi dibuat
dengan “not” di kanan verba. Contoh:
Thou art our king. (+)
Art thou our king? (+?)
Art not thou our king? (-?)
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(Kalimat Tanya)
2.Untuk teks yang lebih tua dan berpuitis,
taruhlah saja kata-kerjanya di awal kalimat
dan taruhlah tanda tanya di akhir kalimat jika
kata kerjanya itu bukan linking verbs. Contoh:
She loveth me. (+)

Loveth she me? (+?)
Loveth not she me? (-?)
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(Kalimat Tanya)
3. Untuk teks yang lebih modern dan berkurang
puitisnya, gunakanlah modal verbs “do, doth, dost,
did” di sebelah kiri subyek disusul dengan kata kerja
jika kata kerjanya itu bukan linking verbs (khususnya
“be”). Negasi dibuat dengan “not” di kanan kata
kerja bantu. Contoh:
She loveth me. (+)
Doth she love me? (+?)

Doth not she love me?
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EMPHASIS (PENEGASAN)
“memang”, “sungguh-sungguh”
• CARANYA:
1. Gunakanlah modal verbs “do, doth, dost, did”
atau “who” atau “that” di sebelah kiri kata
kerja yang ingin ditegaskan dalam kalimat
berita. Contoh:
The Lord knoweth it . (statement)
The Lord doth know it. (emphasis)

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STATEMENT EMPHASIS
Thou knowest it Thou dost know it.
They know it They do know it.
We knew it We did know it.
We knew it We who knew it
We knew it We that knew it.
Thou art in heaven Thou who art in heaven.

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2. Untuk penegas kata ganti orang dalam anak
kalimat ajektif dipakailah “who”, contoh:
I, who am your king, will lead you.
3.Untuk sebagai penegas dalam sapaan langsung

kepada subyek yang bukan manusia dengan kata
ganti orang “thou” yang tersirat, maka
digunakan kata “who” atau “that”, contoh:
O moon who art in the sky!
O river that runnest fast!
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4.Untuk penegas dalam kalimat perintah
dipakailah “do” di awal kalimat, atau subyek
pelengkap “thou”, “ye” atau “you” setelah
verba, contoh:
Do be quiet! Oh do come to my party!
Plant thou no roses at my head.
Be ye monkeys!
Believe you me!
CHAPTER 6
LITERARY VOCABULARY
(Kamus Bahasa Sastra)

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
(Kamus Istilah Sastra Inggris)
Istilah Sastra Arti
‘Tis = It is...
‘Twas = It was...
‘Twere = It were...
‘Twould = It would...
albeit = (al)though meskipun
alder-liefest = most beloved paling suka
alway = always selalu

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
amidst = amid di tengah-tengah
amongst = among di antara (>2 obyek)
an = if jika, kalau
anent = concerning menyangkut
ark = ship (Noah’s) kapal laut (Nabi Nuh)
aught = anything apapun
bar(ring) terkecuali

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
beget - begat - begotten menghasilkan
belike = possibly agaknya
betwixt = between di antara (2 obyek)
bid - bade - bidden memerintahkan
brethren = brothers abang/adik
clothe - clad -clad berpakaian
crow - crew - crew berkokok

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
days of yore = the olden days tempo doeloe
den = dayen = days hari-hari
durst = dared berani
e’en = even bahkan
e’er = ever pernah
ere = before sebelum

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
erst (while) = formerly dulunya
erst = first pertama
eyen = eyes mata
for aye untuk selamanya
forbears = ancestors nenek-moyang
haply = happily dg bahagianya
hark! = listen carefully! dengarlah!

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
hence = (from) here dari sini
hither = (to) here ke sini
howbeit = nevertheless tapi
howe’er =however tetapi
I am much beholden to you =
I am much obliged to you = Terimakasih
thank you very much banyak!

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
I’d rather.../prefer… lebih suka
isles = islands kepulauan
lest = for fear that jika tidak, maka...
Lo ! = Look! Lihatlah!
maugre = in spite of meskipun
me were as lief (liever)....=
I’d rather.../prefer… lebih suka

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
mehopes = I hope Saya berharap
meseems = it seems to me Kelihatannya
methinks = I think
methought = I thought Saya pikir
nay = no tidak
ne’er = never tidak pernah
notwithstanding meskipun

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
O ! = Oh! wahai!
o’er = over di atas
oft = often seringkali
perchance = perhaps barangkali
rede = to arrive at sampai pada
sans = without tanpa
save = except kecuali

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
shrive –shrove/shrived - shriven pengakuan dosa
theethinks = thou thinkst Saya pikir
thence = (from) there dari sana
thither = (to) there ke sana, ke situ
tidings = news berita
to speak - spake - spoken berbicara
twain = two, both dua

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
unto = to kepada
upon = on di atas
well-nigh = almost hampir
whate’er = whatever apapun
whence = (from) where? darimanakah?
wherefore = why? mengapa? kenapa?
whit = not at all tidak sama sekali

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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Istilah Sastra Arti
whither ?= (to) where? kemanakah?
wit (I,he,she,it wot) = know tahu
wit (wot) – wist – wist – witting =
to know tahu
withal = in addition tambahan lagi
yay, yea, aye, ay = yes ya
yon, yonder = over there itu (jarak jauh)

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Possessive Case
(Bentuk Kepunyaan)
• In Early Modern English, possessive case or genitive
case is made with an ending -s or with the so-called
“His Genitive” for all nouns, but now all “his” is
replaced with ‘s, example:
Romeos house/Romeo his house is big. His house is

big. His is big. (rumahnya Romeo)
James his house is big. (rumahnya James)
The Queen her house is a palace. (rumahnya sang ratu)....ini
perkecualian, pakai “her”

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Apostrophe (‘)
(Koma Di Atas)
Apostrophe shows that a letter disappears from the
original spelling, example:
We stay’d = we stayed.
‘Tis = It is...
‘Twas = It was...
‘Twere = It were...
‘Twould = It would...
o’er = over, e’en = even, e’er = ever, ne’er = never,
howe’er =however, whate’er = whatever, etc.
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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Greetings
Good morrow! (Good morning!)
Good day or Good den or God den or
God gi’ god-den! (Good afternoon!)
Give you good even! (Good evening!)
Good night! (Good night!)
Good Yule! (Merry Christmas!)
Wassail and Good Yule! (Be in good health and...)
Well met, How now, God save you! (How are you?)
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LITERARY VOCABULARY
Farewells
Good day, God save you, God be with you! (=Goodbye!)
God keep you, Godspeed! Fare you well, Adieu!
Forms of address: general

Sir, Madam, Master, Mistress
Goodman, Goodwife, Goody
Mother, Father, Gaffer, Gammer
Lad, lass, young master, little lady, etc.
also girl, boy, maid, wench
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EXERCISE 1
Change into 20th Century English.
1. Good den, boys! Whence do ye come?

________________________________
2. Come hither that I might bless thee.
___________________________________
3. Nay, thou shalt not go thither. ‘Tis forbidden!
__________________________________________
4. Perchance one-and-twenty men can help you.
__________________________________________
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EXERCISE 1
5. Lo! Wherefore art thou so sad, mine adorable little lady?
____________________________________________________
6. Good morrow! Do ye hear the tidings? The princess is arrived.
____________________________________________________
7. Yay, they oft spake unto me.
____________________________________________________
8. Thou hast a very good idea, albeit a strange one.
_________________________________________________
9. Do it ere thou forgettest.
__________________________
10. “Hear ye! Hear ye! All subjects of the kingdom. All the maidens are invited
to attend the Royal Ball to-night. The Prince will dance with the most beautiful
maiden and ask her to be his wife”_______

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Hear ye! Hear ye!

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CHAPTER 7
NOUNS (Kata Benda)

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PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
• Cara untuk menjadikan kata benda tunggal menjadi
jamak dalam bahasa sastra sama saja dengan bahasa
biasa, dengan perkecualian pada akhiran -en.
1. Akhiran-s (a book – books)

2. Akhiran -es (a church – churches)
3. Umlaut (perubahan bunyi vokal) (a man – men)
4. Tidak ada perubahan, yang berubah hanya kata kerjanya
(One sheep is under the tree, but nine sheep are nearby the
pond.)
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5. Akhiran -(e)n
Cara pembentukan jamak seperti ini adalah sisa
peninggalan masa Anglo-Saxon (Old English) yang
muncul dalam sejumlah kata dalam bahasa sastra.
Dalam bahasa biasa hanya “child” dan “ox” yang
seperti ini.
SINGULAR PLURAL
a child children
an ox oxen
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SINGULAR PLURAL
a brother brethren
a sister sistren
an aurochs (sejenis sapi Eropa, punah) aurochsen
a cow kine
a shoe shoon
an eye eyen
a hose (celana pendek dari kulit) hosen
a bee been
a tree treen
a house housen
a knee kneen

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DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
(Kata Penunjuk)
Penggunaan kata-kata penunjuk “ini” dan
“itu” bergantung pada bentuk tunggal-jamak:
MEANING SINGULAR PLURAL
ini this /ðɪs/ book these /ði:z/ books
itu (dekat) that /ðæt/ book those /ðəʊz/ books
itu (nun jauh yon(der) ship yon(der) ships
di sana)

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EXERCISE 2
Change into 20th Century English.
1. Thou hast three brethren.

________________________
2. All new shoon shall be put in yonder big shelf.
_____________________________________
3. Noah brought some kine into his ark.
________________________________________
4. The fox saith something unto the three little swine, “Open ye the door!”
______________________________________________________
5. Hast thou seen an aurochs? Methinks that aurochsen were extinct European
bulls.
_______________________________________________________

CHAPTER 8
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
(Kalimat Pengandaian)

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
(Kalimat Pengandaian)
Subjunctive Mood digunakan untuk
menyampaikan sesuatu yang tidak nyata atau
bertentangan dengan kenyataan, bisa pula
dalam pengharapan, doa atau kutukan.
Ada dua jenis subjunctive mood: present

subjunctive mood dan past subjunctive mood.

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Present Subjunctive Mood
a. pengharapan, doa atau kutukan (boleh ditambah kata “may” di
sebelah kiri subyek) dengan rumus: S + V1 (dengan kata kerja
infinitif, tanpa -s/-es), contoh:
- God bless you! = May God bless you!

- God be with you! = May God be with you!
- Long live the queen! = May the queen live long!
- God damn you! = May God damn you!
- X go to hell! = May X go to hell!
- R.I.P Tom Jones = (May) Tom Jones rest in peace! (Lat. resquiat in
pace)
- Get well soon = May you get well soon!
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Present Subjunctive Mood
b. pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi (real conditions) yang
merujuk ke masa depan atau untuk bahasa halus dengan kata-
kata “if”, “an if”, “an”,“though”, “lest’, verbs and adjectives of
urgency dengan rumus: S + V1 (dengan kata kerja infinitif tanpa
-s/-es), contoh:
- Listen, Prince William. An if thou be king, the entire kingdom will

be happy.
- Remind him of it, lest he (should) forget. (boleh tambah
“should”)
- It is important that everyone (should) come on time. (boleh
tambah “should”)
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Past Subjunctive Mood
a. pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi (unreal
conditions) yang merujuk ke:
(1) masa sekarang, yang dinyatakan dengan “if” atau “if
(only)”, dengan rumus:
If + S + V2…, S + would/could/might + V1
Kondisi nyata :
Thou art not a bird. Thou couldst not fly in the sky. (-)
Pengandaian :
If (only) thou wert a bird, thou couldst fly high in the sky. (+)

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Kondisi nyata : They
(2) came
masa notlalu,earlier.
dengan They
rumus:
saw the sunset not. (-)
Pengandaian If + :SIf+only
had +
they
V3…,hadScome
+ would/could
earlier, they
+ have
would+ have
V3 seen the sunset. (+)

(2) masa lalu, dengan rumus:
If + S + had + V3…, S + would/could + have + V3
Kondisi nyata:
They were late yesterday. They did not see me (-).
Pengandaian:
If only they had not been late yesterday, they would
have met me (+).
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b. dengan kata-kata semacam “as if, it is (high)
time that, wish….”, contoh:
- He walks as if he were drunk. (in fact, he is
not drunk)
- It is high time that I went to bed.
- I wish I had much money. (in fact, I have no
money)
- Wish I were a bird!
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CHAPTER 9
INVERSION
(Pola Susun Terbalik)

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INVERSION
(Pola Susun Terbalik)
Dalam bahasa sastra dan formal ada pola susun terbalik antara
subyek dan verba dalam kalimat.
Subyek dan verba seringkali disusun terbalik setelah: (1) kata-

kata negatif / hampir negatif: never, hardly, seldom, rarely, dll.
(2) so atau such di awal kalimat, (3) keterangan tempat di awal
kalimat, (4) obyek, kata ganti orang posesif, kata sifat atau kata
keterangan di awal kalimat, (5) “had”, “were”, dan “should” di
awal kalimat dan sebagai pengganti “if” dalam anak kalimat
pengandaian (6) “be” di awal, sebagai ganti “although”/“though”
atau “whether” dalam anak kalimat. Susunan terbalik ini
tujuannya untuk penegasan maksud.

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POLA KALIMAT BIASA POLA KALIMAT PUITIS
I have never seen such a sight. Never have I seen such a sight.
That girl was so happy that she jumped. So happy was the girl that she jumped.
Two children are playing in front of the In front of the house are two children
house. playing.
We worship Thee. Thee do we worship.
The sunshine is mine. Mine is the sunshine.
The pail and the milk and all came Down came the pail and the milk and
down. all.
If I were only a bird, I could fly. Were I only a bird, I could fly.
Although it’s ever so humble, there’s no Be it ever so humble, there’s no place
place like home. like home.
When the Help of God comes, celebrate When comes the Help of God, celebrate
the praises of thy Lord and pray for His the praises of thy Lord and pray for His
Forgiveness. Forgiveness.
How beautiful that girl is! How beautiful is that girl!

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CHAPTER 10
COMPOUND ADVERBS
(where/there/here+preposition)

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COMPOUND ADVERBS
• Dalam bahasa sastra dan dokumen resmi kita
biasa menemukan adverbial majemuk dengan
pola where/there/here + preposition
• Dalam bahasa biasa, kata-kata macam itu

ditulis dengan cara lain, yaitu:
“preposisi+spasi+what/which /that/it/this”

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COMPOUND ADVERBS
• Contoh preposisi yang dipakai: with
with + what, which = wherewith
with + that, it = therewith
with + this = herewith
• Dalam bahasa yang sangat formal preposisi

ditaruh sebelum WH-Questions, yang agak
kurang formal di akhir:
With what do you see? (very formal)
What do you see with? (less formal)
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COMPOUND ADVERBS
• Dalam bahasa sastra kalimat yang sama
dikatakan begini:
Wherewith seest thou? atau,
Wherewith dost thou see? atau,
Wherewith see ye? atau,

Wherewith do ye see?

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COMPOUND ADVERBS
Other examples of the same construction:
1. And therein be ye for aye. (therein = in that)
2. He liveth herein. (herein = in this)
3. The palace wherein the king liveth is large.
(wherein = in which)

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EXERCISE 3
Join each preposition with each WH-Question into one compound
word.
1. In what dost thou live with thy family? In this castle. We live in this.
________________________________
2. I by this certify that the information contained in this is true and
accurate.
_________________________________
3. This is to certify that the bearer of this proves not to be involved in
any criminal cases.
______________________________________________

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CHAPTER 10
THE SVOV CONSTRUCTION

(Konstruksi Gunting)

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THE SVOV CONSTRUCTION (Konstruksi
Gunting)
Dalam bahasa sastra kita bisa saja berhadapan dengan pola
kalimat SVOV, yaitu suatu pola kalimat yang obyeknya diapit
oleh dua kata kerja sehingga seolah-olah membentuk pola
gunting:
• I have thy father helped. (=I have helped your father)
S V O V
• Ye must this work do. (=You must do this work)

S V O V

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CHAPTER 11
FIGURES OF SPEECH
(Gaya Bahasa)

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FIGURES OF SPEECH
(Gaya Bahasa)
Berikut adalah sepuluh gaya bahasa yang perlu dipelajari
oleh murid SMA:
1. SIMILE – Dalam sebuah simile sebuah perbandingan

dibuat antara dua obyek dari dua jenis yang berbeda yang
memiliki sekurang-kurangnya satu persamaan. Simile
biasanya diperkenalkan dengan kata-kata like, as atau so.
Contoh:
Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart: Thou hadst a
voice whose sound was like the sea.

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FIGURES OF SPEECH
(Gaya Bahasa)
2. METAPHOR – Metafora adalah Simile yang
tersirat. Metafora tidak, seperti Simile, yang
menyatakan bahwa satu hal sama dengan yang
lainnya atau beraksi seperti yang lainnya,
melainkan menganggap bahwa seolah-olah
kedua-duanya adalah satu.
Examples:
He fought like a lion. (Simile)
He was a lion in the fight. (Metaphor)
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FIGURES OF SPEECH
(Gaya Bahasa)
3. PERSONIFICATION – Dalam Personifikasi benda-benda
mati dan abstrak dianggap bernyawa dan memiliki
inteligensia.
Death lays his icy hand on kings.
4. APOSTROPHE – Apostrofi adalah sapaan langsung kepada

benda-benda mati atau abstrak, sesuatu yang tidak ada,
atau benda-benda yang dianggap sebagai manusia. Gaya
bahasa ini merupakan bentuk khusus dari Personifikasi.
O death! Where is thy sting? O grave! Where is thy victory?

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FIGURES OF SPEECH
(Gaya Bahasa)
5. HYPERBOLE – Dalam gaya bahasa Hiperbola sebuah pernyataan
dibuat tegas dengan pernyataan yang berlebihan (lebay).
Why, man, if the river were dry, I am able to fill it with tears.
8. SYNECDOCHE – Dalam Synecdoche suatu bagian digunakan

untuk mewakili keseluruhan atau keseluruhan untuk mewakili
sebagian.
All the best brains in Europe could not solve the problem.
He has many mouths to feed.
England (sports team) won the first test match against Australia.

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PART B
THE APPRECIATION OF POETRY

(Apresiasi Puisi)

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POETRY
• What is poetry? It is the art of language. Poetry has
rhyming system.
• RHYME – Puisi memiliki Rhyming System (rima), yaitu
bait-bait dalam puisi secara selang-seling memiliki
akhiran bunyi yang sama.
Example:
“Strew on her roses, roses, (/ɪz/ - a)
And never a spray of yew, (/u:/ - b)
In quiet she responses : (/ɪz/ - a)
Ah ! Would that I did too !” (/u:/ - b)(M. Arnold)
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EXERCISE
Find the rhyming scheme of the following poems:

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Tata Bahasa Sastra Dan Formal

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TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN FORMAL

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She is thine only lover. (= she is your only lover.)

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Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

A sentence should match the following formula: S + V

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SUBJECT INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IMPERATIVE

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I drink drank drink drank

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

I say said say said

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Kata kerja bantu biasanya ditemani

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Thou eatest bread (Simple Present Tense)

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

The Lord cometh to us every day. (Simple

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Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

• WOULD LIEFER = lebih suka lagi

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Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

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• Untuk kata kerja yang tidak mengandung arti

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• Untuk kata kerja yang mengandung arti

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

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Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

Ye live in heaven. (+)

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Plant thou roses at my head. (+)

She loveth me (+)

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN

She loveth me. (+)

She doth not love me. (-)

She loveth me. (+)

Doth she love me? (+?)

The Lord doth know it. (emphasis)

Rama FM, TATA BAHASA SASTRA DAN