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CHAPTER I

Meaning and Relevance of History; Distinction of


Primary & Secondary Sources; Repositories and
Different Kinds of Primary Sources ; External and
Internal Criticisms
Learning History
WHAT IS HISTORY?

PAST?
A story of past events, traces of past
conditions arranged in chronological
order.
For some known writers like Nick
Joaquin, history is not just a chronological
story of the past, but it is a process of
creation of culture.
It is the continuous process of interaction
between the historian and his facts, an
unending dialogue between the present and
the past.
A guide for action in the present and for
plans in the future.
History is interpretive
History is revisionist in
scope
History is a constant process
of questioning

History is integrative
History is relevant in the
past, present, and future.

History is inclusive
History incorporates
historiography

Historiography
the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on
the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular
details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the
synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of
critical examination.
Why study history?
1.To learn about the past.

History enables people to discover and


learn about the challenges of people
around the world in different periods of
time.
2.To understand the present.

The more knowledge we gain of the


past the more insights we have into the
present.
3.To appreciate your heritage.
It helps us to value these contributions
that are foundation of our culture and
tradition, and is the foundation of our
future generation.
4.To broaden your
perspectives.
5.To acquire background for
critical thinking and
analysis.
Sources of History
• Primary
• Secondary
What are Primary Sources?

Primary sources are materials produced


by people or groups directly involved in
the event or topic being studied.

They are either participants or witness.


Types of Primary Sources:

1.Autobiographies and memoirs


2.Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence
3.Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
4.Photographs and posters
5.Works of arts and literature
6.Speeches and oral histories
What are Secondary Sources?
Testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness – that
is of one who was not present at the event of which he
tells. Secondary information is filtered through someone
else’s perspective.

These are books, articles and scholarly journals that


had interpreted primary sources or had used them to
discuss certain subjects of history.
Types of Secondary Sources

1.Bibliographies
2.Biographical works
3.Periodicals (Newspaper, magazine and journal)
4.Literature reviews and review articles
Criticisms in History
• External
• Internal
Historical data has to be
examined to verify its
authenticity and truthfulness
through external and internal
criticism.
External criticism refers to the
genuineness of the documents. It is
looking into the authenticity of
evidence by examining the physical
characteristics and historical
characteristics of the documents.
The following are series of questions to establish the genuineness of a document or
relic according to Key (1997).

a.Does the language and writing style conform to the period in question and is it typical of other
work done by the author?
b.Is there evidence that the author exhibits ignorance of things or events that man of his training
and time should have known?

c.Did he report about things, events, or places that could have been known during the period?

d.Has the original manuscript been altered either intentionally or unintentionally by copying?

e.Is the document an original draft or a copy?


Internal criticism refers to the
meaning and truthfulness of the
documents. It talks about the value
and worth of its contents.
The following are series of questions to establish
the meaning and truthfulness according to Key
(1997.

a.What was meant by the author by each word and statement?


b.How much credibility can the author’s statements be given?

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