SEMINAR ON

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

PRESENTED BY:MS. SHAILA VASANT

KHADE

EVALUATED BY: MR. PRABHU

LECTURER

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

 INTRODUCTION

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

 NEED OF DATA COLLECTION

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

  TYPES OF DATA:
PRIMARY DATA:
THOSE WHICH ARE COLLECTED AFRESH & FOR
THE FIRST TIME, & THUS HAPPEN TO BE AN
ORIGINAL IN CHARACTER.

SECONDARY DATA:
THOSE WHICH HAVE BEEN COLLECTED BY
SOMEONE ELSE & WHICH HAV ALREADY BEEN
PASSED THROUGH THE STATISTICAL
PROCESS.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

 SELECTION OF METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
The nature of the study of the subject matter.
1. The unit of enquiry.
2. The size & spread of the sample.
3. scale of the survey.
4. The educational level of respondents.
5. The type & depth of information to be collected.
6. The availability of skilled & trained manpower.
7. The rate of accuracy & representative nature of the data
required.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
1. OBSERVATION METHOD
2.EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
-LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
-FIELD EXPERIMENT
-SIMULATION
3. NONEXPERIMENTAL METHODS
-FIELD METHOD
-LIBRARY METHOD
-CASE STUDY
4. INTERVIEWING

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

  5. PANEL METHOD
6. MAIL SURVEY
7. OTHER METHODS :
- WARRANTY CARDS
-DISTRIBUTOR/ STORE AUDITS
- PANTRY AUDITS
- CONSUMER PANELSUSE OF
MECHANICAL DEVCES
8. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE
9. SOCIOMETRY
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020
 OBSERVATION METHOD:
It may be defined as a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon
in its proper setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for a
particular study.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020

 Types of observation:
1. with reference to investigators role it may be
classified as:
Participant observation:
The observer is a part of phenomenon or group which
is observed & he acts as both an observer &
participant.
Non-participant observation:
Observer stands apart & does not participate in the
phenomenon observed. Naturally, there is no
emotional involvement on the part of observer.
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020
  2. Mode Of Observation:
Direct observation:
Observation of an event personally by the
observer when it takes place.

Indirect observation:
This does not involve the physical presence
of the observer, & the recording is done by
mechanical, photographic or electronic
devices.
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1
  3. RIGOR OF THE SYSTEM ADOPTED:
Controlled Observation:
This involves standardization of observational
techniques & exercise of maximum control over extrinsic
& intrinsic variables by adopting experimental design &
systematically recording observations. it is carried out
either in the laboratory or in the field.
Uncontrolled Observation:
This does not involve control over extrinsic & intrinsic
variables. It is primarily used for the descriptive research.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

 ADVANTAGES:
The researcher need not ask people about their
behavior & interactions; he can simply watch what
they do & say.
It may describe the observed phenomena as they occur
in their natural setting. it is more suitable for studying
subjects who are unable to articulate meaningfully.
It improves the opportunities for analyzing the
contextual background of behavior.

 
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1
  It makes it possible to capture the whole event as it
occurs.
 It is less demanding of the subjects & has less
biasing effect on their conduct than does
questioning.
 It is easier to conduct disguised observation studies
than disguised questioning.
 Mechanical devices may be used for recording data
in order to secure more accurate data & also of
making continuous observations over longer
periods.
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1
  LIMITATIONS:

1. It is of no use of studying past events or activities.

2. It is not suitable for studying opinions
& attitudes.
3. It poses difficulties in obtaining a
representative sample.
4. It cannot be used as 7 when the researcher finds it
convenient to use it .he has to wait for the event to
occur

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

  EXPERIMENTAATION:
DEFINITION:
It is a research process used to study
the causal relationships between
variables.

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 ADVANTAGES:I
1. Its power to determine causal relationship.
element of human errors is reduced to the
minimum.
2. Better conditions for conducting
experiments may be created.
3. It yields generally exact measurements can
be repeated for verifying results.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

  DISADVANTAGES:

1. Difficult to establish comparable control &

experimental groups.
2. Experimentation with human being is limited.
3. Expensive & time consuming.
4. Artificial to some extent & may lack realism.
5. Used only in studies of the present but not in
studies relating to past or future.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:
DEFINITION: it is an investigation conducted in a setting created specifically for the
purpose.
The investigator tests the hypothesis about a cause & effect relationship by
manipulating the independent variable & studies its effect on a dependent variable.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

  ADVANTAGES:
 The experimenter has complete control over the
laboratory situation.
 Measurement in a laboratory are more precise.
 Laboratory experiments have high internal validity.
 It can be replicated.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 1

 LIMITATIONS:
1. Organizational research by laboratory experiments is difficult
because which cannot be exactly reproduced in a laboratory.

2. Some phenomena cannot be studies in the laboratory.

3. It is difficult to successfully manipulate more than 3 or more

independent variables in any given experiment. it requires
high skill on the part of experimenter.
4. Lack external validity.
5. Ethical 7 moral objections to the manipulations associated
with some experiments where subject may experience some
physical or psychological harm.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

 FIELD EXPERIMENT:
DEFFINITION:
This is an experiment conducted in a real life situation in
which the experimenter manipulates an independent
variable in order to test a hypothesis.
It always takes place in a natural setting, which may
be school, a factory, a hospital, a prison, an army camp &
so on.

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  It is an ideal method to use in the
following circumstances:
1. where one wants to study complex social influences,
processes & changes the very nature of which rules out
their study in a laboratory. Family planning programmers.
2. Where one wants to test the theory to solve the

practical problems. Experiment on education.

3. Where one wants to uncover possible relationships among
variables. Cause- effect relationship.

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 ADVANTAGES:

1. studying phenomena in natural settings the

generalizability of results of such studies is
greater.

2. To the extent that the researcher employs an

experimental design 7 is able to manipulate
variables causal inferences from field
experimental data may be justified.
3. These are well suit both to the testing of theory 7
solutions to the practical problems.
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2
  DISADVANTAGES:
 Manipulations of independent
variables & randomization through
conceivable are not practicable in
many field situation.
 One cannot get the same degree of
precision & control in this method
expensive
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2
 SIMULATION:
DEFINITION:

Abelson defines simulation as “the exercise of a

flexible limitation of process & outcomes for the
purpose of clarifying or explaining the underlying
mechanism involved.”
it is a symbolic abstraction, simplification &
substitution for some referent system.
The experiments are done on the model instead of on
the real system.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

  ADVANTAGES:
 There is greater realism in the setting.
 there is greater amount of control over
external sources of variance.
 the researcher enjoys greater ability to
manipulate independent variables.
 there is higher participant involvement.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

 DISADVANTAGES:
IT IS EXPENSIVE & THE HIGH DEGREE OF
PARTICIPANT INVOLVEMENT INCREASE THE
RISK OF SUBJECTS BEING PSYCHOLOGICALLY
HARMED IN THE COURESE OF STUDY.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

 • PROCESS OF STIMULATION:
1. The process or system to be simulated is identified.
2. The purpose of simulation is decided .
3. On the basis of the available information on the process

or system- its components & the set of conditions

assumed to operate in & between the components- a
mathematical model is developed.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

 4. Several sets of input data to be used are collected.
5. The type of simulation- computer
6. simulation or man simulation man- computer
simulation to be uses is determined.

7. The simulation is operated with the various sets of

input data, & the results are analyzed to determine
the best solution.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 2

 TYPES OF SIMULATION:
Man simulation
Computer simulation
Man- computer simulation

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 NON- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS:
1. FIELD MEHODS:
DEFINITION: Any systematic study which aims at
discovering the relations & interactions among
variables or testing hypothesis in natural live
situations like, communities, schools, factories,
organizations,& institutions& which is ex post facto
in nature is a ‘field study’.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

  Purposes:
exploratory field study:
it has its goal, the gaining of familiarity with a
system to enable the researcher to define a research
problem or develop hypothesis about some
processes associated with the system.
Descriptive field study:
it has its objective, the description of a system
which may include measurement of a number of
characteristic of the system.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 ADVANTAGE:

This method is very much realistic since it is

conducted in the real world situations & data
on a larger number of variables can be
obtained from the subjects.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

  LIMITATIONS:
 the cooperation of organization is often difficult to
obtain.
 these studies are ex-post facto in which independent
variables are not manipulated causal inferences cannot
be drawn.
 data are likely to contain unknown sampling biases.
 measurement is not precise.
 the ‘dross rate’ or proportion of irrelevant data may be
high in the field studies.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 SAMPLE SURVEY:
definition:
it is also a form of ex-post facto research in
which researcher simply collects data about
certain sociological or psychological
characteristics of a sample that represents a
known population in natural setting.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 Purpose:
1. Exploring the existence of some

phenomenon, describing the

phenomenon & testing hypothesis.
2. To predict future conditions, to
evaluate social programmed & to
develop social indicators.
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3
 ADVANTAGES:
1. Reduces problem of sample bias & allows the researcher
to generalize his results to the parent population.
2. Data collection can take place in any setting.
3. Data are directly obtained from respondents.
A variety of data collection techniques can be used alone
or in combination.
4. If a mail questionnaire are used to collect data the cost of
collection per respondents is relatively low.
Surveys often yield information that suggests new
hypothesis.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 LIMITATIONS:
1. THERE IS GENERALLY INITIAL RESISTANCE TO BEING
INTERVIEWED.
2. THERE ARE POSSIBILITIES OF THE INFORMATION
BEING SHALLOW OR BIASED.
3. MOSST SURVEYS ‘ONE SHOT’ STUDIES.
4. IT DOESNOT INVOLVE MANIPULATION OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 CASE STUDY:
DEFINITION :IT IS METHOD OF INTENSIVELY EXPLORING
& ANALYXING THE LIFE OF A SINGLE SOCIAL UNIT- BE
THAT UNIT, A PERSON, A FAMILY, INSTITUTION,
CULTURE GROUP OR EVEN AN ENTIRE COMMUNITY.
IN THIS STUDY THE PHENOMENA RELATING TO THE
UNIT ARE STUDIES IN THE NATURAL SETTING.
THE RESEARCHER GATHEERING INFORMATION
FROM SOURCES SUCH AS PEERSONAL DOCUMENT
DIARIES, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, LETTERS, CONFESSIONS,
RECORDS IN OFFICE FILES, INTERVIEWS & SO ON.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 3

 ADVANTAGES:
1. IT IS VEREY INTENSIVE IN NATURE.IT AIMS AT
STUDYING EVERYTHING ABOUT FEW UNITS THAN
SEVERAL UNITS.
2. DATA COLLECTION IS FLEXIBLE .
3. DATA ARE COLLECTED IN NATURAL SETTINGS.
4. THIS METHOD IS USEFUL FOR GENERATING
HYPOTHESIS FOR LATER FULLSCALE STUDIES.
5. IT IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER METHODS.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 LIMITATIONS:

1. IT LACKS INTERNAL VALIDITY.

2. IT CANNOT SERVE AS BASE FOR GENERALIZATION,
BECAUSE IN THE CASE STUDY ON UNIT OF DEFENCE
POPULATION STUDIES.
3. IT IS GENERALY NONSTATISTICAL IN ITS ANALYSIS.
4. CAUSAL INFERENCES FRROM A CASSE STUDY DATA ARE
IMPOSSIBLE SINCE THERE IS NO MANIPULATION (IV)
AND CONTROL(CV)
5. MORE TIME CONSUMING.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 LIBRARY METHOD:

THE PLACE OF LIBRARY IS DESINING A

RESEARCH STUDY PARTICCULARLY A
HISTORICAL ONE & IN SERVING AS
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION CAN
HARDLY BE OVEREMPHASIZED.

-TWO MAMAJOR SECTIONS:

•LIBRARY CATALOGUE
•REFERENCE MATEIAL & PEERIODICALS

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 INTERVIEWING:
DEFINITION:

it may be defined as a two way systematic conversation

between an investigator & an informant , initiated for
obtaining information relevant to a specific study.

TYPES:
Personal interview:
It requires a person known as the interviewer asking
questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person
or persons.

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  STRUCTURED OR DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW:
IT IS AN INTERVIEW MADE WITH A DETAILED
STANDERDIZD SCHEDULE.
 UNSTRUCTURED OR NON DIRECTIVE
INTERVIEW:
THE INTERVIEWER ENCOURAGES THE
RESPONDENT TO TALK FREELY ABOUT A
GIVEN TOPIC WITH A MINIMUM OF
PROMPTING OR GUIIDENCE.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 FOUCUSED
This is semi structured interview
where the investigator attempts of
focus the discussion on the actual
effects of a given experience to which
the respondent have been exposed

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 Clinical interview
 This is similar to focused interview but
subtle deference.
 Depth interview
this is an intensive and searching interview
aiming at studying the respondent option,
emotion or conviction on the basis of
interview guide

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 Interviewing process
 Preparation
 Introduction
 Developing rapport
 Carrying the interview forward
recording the interview
 Closing the interview
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4
 Merits of interview
 Depth and detailed of information can be secured
 The interviewer can do more to improve the
percentage of responses and the quality of
information received than other methods
 The interviewer can gather other supplemental
information like economic level living condition
 The interviewer can use special scoring devices visual
material and like in order to improve the quality of
interviewing
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4
  accuracy and dependability of the
answer given by the respondent can be
checked by observation and probing
 It is flexible and adaptable to
individual situation

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 4

 Demerits of interview
 It costly both in money and time
 Its result are often adversely affected by interviewers mode of
asking question and interaction and incorrect recording and
also be the respondent faulty perception, faulty memory etc.
 Certain types of personnel and financial information may be
refused in face to face interview
 It poses the problem of recording information obtain from the
respondents.
 Availability of highly skilled interviewers is limited

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Panel method

It method of data collection by which

data is collected fro the same sample
respondents at intervals either by mail
or personnel interview.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Types of panel
 Static : -
it is one in which membership remains the
same throughout the life of the panel except
for the member who dropout.
 dynamic to keep the panel representative of
the current population in the area covered by
the universe replacement are found for the
member who dropout
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5
 Advantages
 This method facilitates collection of more accurate data
for longitudinal studies
 This methods makes its possible to have before after
design for field best studies
 It offers good way of studying trends in events behavior
and attitudes
 It also provides evidence on the casual relationship
between variables
 It facilitates depth interviewing

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Limitations
 this method is very expensive
 It is often difficult to setup a representative panel and to
keep it representative.
 A real danger with panel method is panel conditioning.
 Quality of reporting may tend to decline due to
decreasing interest after a panel has been in operation
for some times

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Mail survey

It involves sending questioners to

respondents with request to complete
them and return them by post.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Merits of mail survey
 There is low cost even when the universe is large and is
widely spread geographically
 It is free from the biased of the interviewer
 Respondents have adequate time to well thought-out
answer
 Respondents who are not easily approachable can also
reaches conveniently
 Large sample can be made use of and thus the result can
be made more dependable and reliable
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5
 DEMERITS OF MAIL SURVEY
 Low rate o f return of the duly filled in questioners
 It can be used only when respondents are educated
and co-operative.
 Control over questioner may be lost once it is sent
 There is inbuilt in flexibility
 There also the possibility of ambiguous replies or
omission of replies altogether to certain questions
 It is difficult to know the whether willing
respondents are truly representative

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Projective technique
 Direct method of data collection e.G. Personnel

interview, telephone, mail survey, rely on

respondent own report of there behavior beliefs
attitudes etc.
 It involves presentation of ambiguous of
stimuli to the respondents for interpretation.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 5

 Types of projective
technique
 Visual projective techniques
 Verbal projective techniques
 Expressive techniques

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 Sociometry
 Sociometry is method of discovering
describing and evaluating social status
structure and development through
measuring extent of acceptance or
rejection between individual in
groups.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 6

 OTHER METHODS :
 WARRANTY CARDS
 DISTRIBUTOR/ STORE AUDITS
 PANTRY AUDITS
 CONSUMER PANELSUSE OF
MECHANICAL DEVICES

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 6

 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 TEXTBOOK
 B. T. Basvanthappa,”TEXTBOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH”,2nd
edition 2007, published by Jaypee, PP. No.153-163.
 B. T. Basvanthappa,”TEXTBOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH”,1st
edition 1998, published by Jaypee, PP. No.278-362.
 Helen J. Streubert,”TEXTBOOK OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IN NURSING”, 2nd edition 1999, published by Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins,PP. NO.23-26.
 Mahadev Shinde,”TEXTBOOK OF INTRODUCTION TO
NURSING RESEARCH”, 1st edition2007,published by Sneha,PP.
NO.87-106.
 Polit Denise F. 7 Beck,”TEXTBOOK OF NURSING RESEARCH”,
8th edition 2008,published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
pp.No.365-445.

Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 6

  WEBSITES
 www.allignised. Org/martin.data % 20 ccollection.03.Jpg
 http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/datacoll.htm)
 http://worldbank. Org/poverty/impact/methods/qualitative.htm # in
depth.
 http://www.cbsinteractive.com/adfeedback/?REDIRECT=TRUE&RG
ROUP=8830&SEGMENTID=810732&LINEID=263837&SP=16&ADV
ERTISERID=7315
 http://www.cbsinteractive.com/adfeedback/?REDIRECT=TRUE&RG
ROUP=8830&SEGMENTID=810732&LINEID=263837&SP=16&ADV
ERTISERID=7315
 http://www.cbsinteractive.com/adfeedback/?REDIRECT=TRUE&RG
ROUP=13500&SEGMENTID=902012&LINEID=331336&SP=16&AD
VERTISERID=3191
 http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data
%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECTION
%20METHODS.htm 
 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FSL/is_2_69/ai_53893778/
 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FSL/is_2_74/ai_77227780/
Gloria A. Hagopian, RN, EdD 10/07/2020 6