Jijiga University

Jijiga Institute of Technology

Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering

Water
Water Resources
Resources Planning
Planning and
and Management
Management (HWRE)
(HWRE)

Inst
Inst Safiya
Safiya H
H
 Some
Some Practical
Practical Applications
Applications of
of WRPM
WRPM
Q: How much of the water released from the reservoir
should be allocated to user 1,2&3?
 Some Practical Applications of WRPM
Nile Basin
Q: What is the importance of the
97%
5% concept of WRPM in Nile Basin?

Source: (Loucks & Beek, 2005)

Chapter
Chapter -One
-One
Introduction
 Chapter-One
Chapter-One
 Overview

Definitions and Terminologies

Water Resources of Ethiopia
Surface water potential
Groundwater potential
Water Uses in Ethiopia
 Chapter-One
Chapter-One
1.1
1.1 Introduction
Introduction and
and Terminologies
Terminologies
Q: What is water resources planning & management?
Water Resource (WR): any aspect of water that has value or which
is exploited by the user to get a certain benefit.
Planning: the process by which the society directs its activities to
achieve goals it regards as important; and aims at optimal use of
available resources (e.g.: water resources). WR planning involves
estimation of short term and long term needs and ways to meet these
needs.
Management: activities that include water resources development;
utilization, conservation, protection and control
 System: a device that accepts one or more inputs and generates one or more
outputs.
 Examples: 1. JJU with its faculties and different departments

2. Abbay river basin and all its tributaries and so on

 Types of systems:

a) simple and complex

1. simple: direct relationship b/n the input and output
2. complex: combination of several simple systems
E.g.: Abbay river basin= combination of all tributaries
b) Linear and nonlinear
1. linear: the output is the constant ratio of the input.
E.g.: watershed :y=mx, where: x-rainfall & y-runoff <<==>>Q=CIA
 superposition principle is valid
 2. nonlinear: one in which the input-output relation is such that the
 principle of superposition is not valid
c) Time variant and time invariant systems
Time variant: input-output relationship changes with time
Time invariant: the output is the same for same inputs all the time
e.g.: unit hydrograph
d) Lumped parameter and Distributed parameter system
Lumped parameter system: the average value of the parameter
e.g.: areal average rainfall
Distributed parameter system: the parameter value changes with space

e) Deterministic and probabilistic systems

Deterministic system: the same input will always produce the same
output
Probabilistic system: the output for a corresponding input has got
associated probability value
 System analysis:
 Formalization of operation of the total system with all of its
subsystems together
 set of mathematical planning and design techniques
 Two basic problems in systems analysis includes: analysis and
synthesis
 Techniques of water resources system analysis:
 Optimization: searching technique for the global optimal
solution
 Simulation: trial and error approach leading to the best solution
possible We have input & output
Problem of prediction
 cannot guarantee global optimum solutionneed to find the system
(input &system output that covert input to
 very closeegto unit
the optimum solution
hydrograph output
 :
 Principal optimization techniques:
Linear programing(LP):The objective function and the constraints
are all linear. The single-most world widely used technique
 Objective function: mathematical function of decision variable that
need to be optimized (minimized or maximized)
Constraints: physical conditions set
Nonlinear programing(NLP): The objective function or the
constraints involve nonlinear terms.
Dynamic programing(DP):offers a solution procedure for linear or
nonlinear problems, in which multistage decision-making is involved
 Choice of the technique depends on:

1. configuration of the system

2. nature of objective function and constraints
3. availability and reliability of data
4. depth of detail needed
1.2
1.2 Global
Global Water
Water Resources
Resources

2.45%
1.05%

Source: (UNESCO,1978)
Rainfall patterns of the World
 River basin A(ha) A%
(000)
1.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia Nile Basin
Abbay
36,881
19,981
32.4
17.6
Baro-Akobo 7,410 6.5
12:river basins Setit-tekeze/Atbara 8,900 7.8
Mereb
4:drainage systems Rift Valley
590
31,764
0.5
27.9
Awash 11,270 9.9
Denakil 7,400 6.5
Omo-Gibe 7,820 6.9
Central Lake 5,274 4.6
Shebelli-Juba 37,126 32.7
Wabi-Shebelle 20,021 17.6
Genale-Dawa 17,105 15.1
Nile drainage North East Coast
Ogaden
7,930
7,710
7.0
6.8

system Total
Gulf of Aden 220
113,702
0.2
100
The North-
The Rift East Coast
Valley

The Shebelle-Juba
drainage system
Source: (IWMI, 2007)
 Ethiopian
Ethiopian River
River Basins
Basins and
and drainage
drainage systems
systems
 The Nile basin (Abbay or Blue Nile, Baro-Akobo, Setit-
Tekeze/Atbara and Mereb) covers 33% of the country and
drains the northern and central parts westwards;
 The Rift Valley (Awash, Denakil, Omo-Gibe and Central
Lakes) covers 28% of the country;
 The Shebelle-Juba basin (Wabi-Shebelle and Genale-Dawa)
covers 33% of the country and drains the southeastern
mountains towards Somalia and the Indian Ocean;
 The North-East Coast (Ogaden and Gulf of Aden basins)
covers 6% of the country.
Ethiopian Mean Annual Rainfall
 1.3
1.3 Water
Water Uses
Uses
 Hydropower
 Water supply (municipal & industrial)
 Irrigation
 Flood control
 Navigation
 Recreation and etc
 The safe supply of water in rural areas of Ethiopia is usually
derived from shallow wells, spring development and deep wells.
 People who have no access to improved supply usually obtain
water from rivers, unprotected springs, hand-dug wells and
rainwater harvesting (IWMI,2007).
 Author’s compilation from various
sources Dams
Dams inin Ethiopia
Ethiopia
> 50 Large dams ( According to ICOLD
Classification (2003))
greater than 15 m in height from base to FAO - Aquastat Database 2006
crest, or storage capacity exceeding 3 million 10 Large dams
cubic meters for heights between 5 and 15 m
Eritrea

%
U
U
%U
%U
%
%U %
U
%
U%
U
TIGRAY U
% U%
%U
U
%
S
# % U %
U%
U% U
%
U
U
%
U
%
U
%U
%
U
%U
%
U
%
U
%
U
%U
%
U
%
U
%U
%
U
%
U
%
U
% U
%
U
%
U
%
%
U Afar
U
%
U
%
UAMH
% U
% Djibouti
Sudan U ARA
% S
#
S
# U
% U
%
BENISHANGUL-G UM
U
%
DIRE DAWA
U
% %%
UU Somalia
ADDIS ABEBA
%
U S
# HARARI N
U
%
U
%
GAMBELLA ORO MIA
U#
% S
U
%
Somali Region
SOUTHERN #
S
REGION
Sudan
Somalia

U
% Existing Dams
Kenya
S
# Under construction dams

400 0 400 800 Kilometers

 Important Large Dams in Ethiopia
Initial
Yr. Height Capacity Purpose
N° Name of dam Major basin Completed (m) (x10^3 CM)
1 Abasamuel* Awash 1939 22.00 65 000 HP
2 Alwero** Baro Akobo 1995 16.00 74 600 IRR
3 Angereb Tekeze 1991 34.00 5 300 WS
4 Dire Awash 1999 46.00 19 000 WS
5 Finchaa Blue Nile 1973 25.00 650 000 HP,IRR
6 Gafarsa Awash 1955 17.00 7 000 WS
7 Gilgel Gibe Omo-Gibe 2004 41.00 839 000 HP

8 Koka Awash 1960 42.00 1 860 000 HP,IRR,FP

9 Legadadi (Main) Awash 1979 40.00 38 000 WS
10 Legadadi (Subsidiary) Awash 1979 22.00 4 000 WS
11 Melka Wakena Wabeshebele 1988 40.00 750 000 HP
12 Midimar Tekeze 1996 33.00 10 000 WS
13 Chara Chara Blue Nile 1996 9 9,100,000 Regulation

HP-Hydropower, IRR-Irrigation
* Inoperative since 1970
WS-Water Supply, FP-Flood Protection
** Only the dam construction has been completed
CM: Cubic Meters
Important Large Dams in Ethiopia count…
 Microdams
Microdams
 Small dams (micro-dams)
constructed for irrigation supply are
concentrated in the Northern Amhara
and Tigray regional states. Eritrea

 Construction took place b/n 1995 – TIGRAY

S
#
%
U
U
%
U
%U
%U
%U %
%
U %
%
U%
% U
%
U%U
%
U
U
%
U
%
U
%
U
%
U
U%
U
U
%
U
%
U
%

2000
U
%
U
%U
%
U
%U
%
U
%
U
%U
%
U
%
U
% U
%
U
%
U
%
%
U Afar
U
%
U
%
UAMHARA
% U
% Djibouti
S
#
64 Dams in Tigrai Region
Sudan U
%
 S
#
BENISHANGUL-G UM
U
% U
%

U
%

– 28 are large dams according to

DIRE DAWA
U
% %%
UU Somalia
ADDIS ABEBA
%
U S
# HARARI N
U
%
U
%

ICOLD classification GAMBELLA

U#
% S
U
%
ORO MIA

Somali Region
SOUTHERN #
S
 14 dams in Amhara Region Sudan
REGION

Somalia

– 12 are large dams according to

U
% Existing Dams
ICOLD Kenya
S
# Under construction dam

400 0 400 800 Kilometers

Irrigation and Hydropower potential of Ethiopia

Source:(IWMI,2007)
Area and annual runoff by river basin (Source: Water Sector Development Programme Reports, 2002)
Major drainage River basin As % of Annual runoff As % of
system Area1 total area total runoff
(ha) (%) (km 3/yr) (%)
Nile Basin 36 881 200 32.4 84.55 69.0
Abbay (Blue Nile) 19 981 200 17.6 52.60 42.9
Baro-Akobo 7 410 000 6.5 23.60 19.3
Setit-Tekeze/Atbara 8 900 000 7.8 7.63 6.2
Mereb 590 000 0.5 0.72 0.6
Rift Valley 31 764 000 27.9 29.02 23.7
Awash 11 270 000 9.9 4.60 3.7
Denakil 7 400 000 6.5 0.86 0.7
Omo-Gibe 7 820 000 6.9 17.96 14.7
Central Lake 5 274 000 4.6 5.60 4.6
Shebelli-Juba 37 126 400 32.7 8.95 7.3
Wabi-Shebelle 20 021 400 17.6 3.15 2.6
Genale-Dawa 17 105 000 15.1 5.80 4.7
North East Coast 7 930 000 7.0 0.00 0.0
Ogaden 7 710 000 6.8 0.00 0.0
Gulf of Aden 220 000 0.2 0.00 0.0
Total 113 701 600 100.0 122.52 100.0
 Area
Area and
and annual
annual runoff
runoff by
by river
river basin
basin
(Source:
(Source: Water
Water Sector
Sector Development
Development Programme
Programme Reports,
Reports, 2002)
2002)
 From the tables given above, the surface water
potential of Ethiopia is 122BCM from 9 rivers.
 Integrated development master plan studies and
related river basin surveys undertaken at the end of
the 1990s indicate that most of the rivers in
Ethiopia are seasonal and about 70% of the total
runoff is obtained during the period June-
September.
spatial
spatial &
& temporal
temporal surface
surface water
water distribution
distribution in
in Ethiopia
Ethiopia
 Extreme inter-annual & Intra-
annual variability
– Droughts
– 19 periods of widespread & severe
food shortages in the past 100 yrs
alone
 Spatial variability of rain flow
– Rainfall mainly in the highlands
– Lowlands are arid to semi-arid
 International nature of its
most significant water
resources
 1.4
1.4 Groundwater
Groundwater potential
potential of
of Ethiopia
Ethiopia
 The great majority of the rural Ethiopian population community
water supply relies on groundwater (IWMI, 2007).
 The total groundwater potential (2.6BCM) is less than that of
surface water potential (122BCM) of our country, Ethiopia
(IWMI, 2007).
 Despite its immense relevance and importance, the groundwater
sector has been given less attention until recently.
Global Water Use