Things to Remember!

3 Fundamental
Differentiate Laws in
the following
Chemistry
Element
1. Conservation
Molecule of Mass
2. Definite Proportion
Compound
3. Multiple Proportion
Mixture
 On the Human Side
 A devout Quaker. Once
presented to William IV, he
refused to wear colorful

John Dalton
court robes.
 “My head is too full of
triangles, chemical
properties, and electrical
experiments to think much
of marriage.”
Atombeand Its Particles
like a proton, always positive
 Let’s Break a Leg!
A. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
B. Discoveries of the subatomic particles
1. Electron
2. Nucleus
3. Proton and Neutron
C. Atomic Structure
D. Isotopes
E. Determining Atomic Masses
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of atoms, tiny indivisible units of
an element that cannot be created nor destroyed.
same element: same chemical property
2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into
atoms of another element. This rejects the
alchemical belief.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of two or more
elements combined.
Discovery of Electron
Discovery of Electron
Cathode ray particles later
named electrons.

In 1897, a British physicist J. J.

Thomson measured the ratio of
its mass, found out that this
electron is superb light.
 Discovery of Electron
But if atoms has negatively
charged particles, what
balances them?

Really? POSITIVE CHARGES!

If electron has such tiny

mass, what accounts for
atom’s larger mass?
Discovery of Nucleus

Ernest Rutherford in 1910,

tested the plum-pudding
model and obtained an
unexpected result.
Discovery of Nucleus
 Discovery of Nucleus
“We have been able to get some of the
α particles coming backwards. It was
almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-
inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and
it came back and hit you.”

Atom’s center is a tiny region he called

the nucleus (positively charged).
 Discovery of Proton
Even before the electrons were
identified, Eugen Goldstein had
observed in 1886 a display of
bright rays coming from
positive electrode. The bright
rays were a stream of
positively-charged particles
called protons.
Discovery of Neutron
After more than 20 years
of nucleus’ discovery in
1932, James Chadwick
discovered the neutron,
an uncharged particle also
reside in the nucleus of an
atom.
 Modern Atomic Structure
The electron
cloud occupies a
large space in an
atom. Protons
and neutrons are
packed inside an
extremely small
nucleus.
Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles
Discoverer Sub-atomic particle
Eugen Goldstein Proton (p+)
J.J. Thomsom Electron (e-)
Ernest Rutherford Nucleus (p+ and n0)
James Chadwick Neutron (n0)

What is the modern atomic model?

 Modern Atomic Structure
Sub-atomic Relative Relative mass Location in
Particle charge (amu) atom
Proton (p+) 1+ 1.00727 Nucleus
Neutron (n0) 0 1.00866 Nucleus
Electron (e-) 1- 0.00054858 Outside
nucleus

The mass 1 proton is equal to the mass of almost

1840 electrons.
 Sub-atomic Particles
NEUTRAL ATOM
Atomic number
=
Number of
proton
=
Number of
electron
 Let’s Practice!
Determine the atomic number, number of protons,
electron, neutron, and mass number of the
following neutral atom.
1. Phosphorus 1. Carbon 1. Sodium
2. Lithium 2. Chlorine 2. Tungsten
3. Calcium 3. Krypton 3. Zinc
4. Iron 4. Gold 4. Uranium
5. Silver 5. Potassium 5. Fluorine
 Let’s Practice
Complete the table by filling-out the blanks correctly.
Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass
Neutral Element Number Protons Electrons Neutron Number

1. Phosphorus (P)

2. Lithium (Li)

3. Calcium (Ca)

4……

5…...
 Isotopes
Atom of the same element but different number of
neutron, thus different mass number.

Iodine-125, and isotope of Iodine is very useful in

in cancer branchytherapy. Determine the number
of proton, electron, neutron, and mass number.
 Isotopes
Silicon (Si) is a major
component of semiconductor
chips. It has three naturally
occurring isotopes: 28Si, 29Si,
and 30Si. Determine the
numbers of protons, electrons,
and neutrons in an atom of
each silicon isotope.
 Isotopes

Oxygen has three isotopes

namely, O-16, O-17, and O-18.
What is the atomic number,
number of protons, electron,
neutron, and mass number of
the following neutral atom?
 Uses of Isotopes
Isotopes Uses

Oxygen-16, -17, -18 Forensics. Determining the origin of a rock or an asteroid.

Tritium (hydrogen Making glow-in-the-dark objects.

isotope)

Carbon-14 Determining the age of organism.

Uranium-238 and Determing the age of very old rocks.

Potassium-40

Cesium-137 Cancer treatment.

 Uses of Isotopes
Isotopes Uses
Fluorescent lamps and flash lamps in high-speed photography. Measuring the
Krypton-85 thickness of plastic, rubber, paper, and other materials.

Iodine-131 Direct radioisotope therapy to treat hyperthyroidism.

Diagnostic imaging. Radiation sources in radiation therapy. Monitoring the

Iodine-123 function of the thyroid gland.
Tracing gas leaks. Tracing oil leaks from oil pipes. Radiotracer in biological
Sodium-24 research. Studies of body electrolytes.
Inspecting material to reveal internal structure, flaws, or foreign objects (in place
Cobalt-60 of x-ray).
 Sub-atomic Particles
Complete the table by filling-out the blanks correctly.
Neutral Atomic Number of Number of Number of Mass
Element Number Protons Electrons Neutron Number

Po

6 8

88 228

Rn

92 146