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4 pics 1 word Are you Ready?

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LEVEL 1

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PLATE
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BOUNDARY
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CRUST
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MOUNTAIN
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CRACK
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CHAMPIONSHIP ROUND

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VOLCANO
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CONGRATULATIONS
 PRIOR
KNOWLEDGE
 Learners have learned partial concepts
about volcanoes.
 Learners have learned about the position of
the Philippines in the Ring of Fire and its
relationship to the presence of active and
inactive volcanoes in our country.
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FOCUS OF THE TOPICS:

 The theory that

explains the existence
of volcanoes and other
geologic features.
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 PLATE
TECTONICS
THEORY
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 Structure of the Earth
The Earth is Mantle
made up of 3 Outer core
main layers: Inner core
Core
Mantle
Crust
Crust
What are tectonic plates made of?
• Plates are made
of rigid
lithosphere.

The lithosphere is
made up of the
crust and the upper
part of the mantle.
 The lithosphere is said to be in constant but
slow motion.
 The Arctic Ridge has the slowest rate (less
than 2.5 cm/yr), and the East Pacific Rise
near Easter Island, in the South Pacific about
3,400 km west of Chile, has the fastest rate
(more than 15 cm/yr).
 This movement of the lithosphere is called
tectonics.
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THE CRUST
 This is where we live!
 The Earth’s crust is made of:

Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
 thick (10-70km)
 thin (~5 km)
 buoyant (less dense than  dense (sinks under
oceanic crust) continental crust)
 mostly old  young
Continental crust:
Continental crust forms the land (the continents, as the name
suggests) that we see today.
Continental crust averages about 35 km thick.
Under some mountain chains, crustal thickness is approximately
twice that thickness (about 70 km thick).
The mountains we see on earth have deep roots in the crust that
we can’t see. The crust “floats” on the more dense mantle and,
like how only the tip of an iceberg sticks up out of the water, we
see only the tip of the continental crust - the mountain ranges.
Continental crust contains some of the oldest rocks on Earth.
(granite) E.A.S
Ancient rocks exceeding 3.5 billion years in age are found
on all of Earth's continents.

Oldest rocks on Earth found so far:

 Acasta Gneisses in northwestern Canada near Great
Slave Lake (4.03 Ga)
 Isua Supracrustal rocks in West Greenland (3.7 to 3.8
Ga)
 Minnesota River Valley in the USA (3.5-3.7 billion years)
 Swaziland (3.4-3.5 billion years)
 Western Australia (3.4-3.6 billion years).
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OCEANIC CRUST:
As the name already suggests, this crust is below the
oceans
Made of basalt.
It is more dense than continental crust and therefore when
the two types of crust meet, oceanic crust will sink
underneath continental crust.
The rocks of the oceanic crust are very young compared
with most of the rocks of the continental crust.
They are not older than 200 million years.
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HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT
THE EARTH IS MADE OF?
 Geophysical surveys: seismic,
gravity, magnetics, electrical,
geodesy
 Acquisition: land, air, sea and
satellite
 Geological surveys: fieldwork,
boreholes, mines
 PLATE = broken
segments of the
WHAT IS lithosphere
PLATE Tectonics =
TECTONIC? force/process that
moves the
lithosphere
Have you noticed?
 PLATE TECTONICS
The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates
which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull
apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic
set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
World Plates
What are the basis
of scientists in
dividing the
lithosphere in such
manner?
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A. EARTHQUAKE

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WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
DETERMINING THE EPICENTER OF
AN EARTHQUAKE?
Locating earthquake epicenters will pinpoint which
fault lines are active.
Usually, the less active fault line stores great amount
of potential energy that could cause major earthquake
once released.
Therefore, places near fault lines that remain inactive
for a long period of time are due to experience a major
earthquake. E.A.S
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B. VOLCANISM AND
MOUNTAIN FORMATION

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Why is it important for us to
identify areas which are prone to
earthquakes?

 It is important to identify areas which

are prone to earthquakes so that
necessary precautions could be done if
ever you’re living in one of those places.
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How are volcanoes distributed?
Volcanoes are not randomly distributed.
Majority of them are found along the edges of
some continents.

Where are volcanoes located?

Majority are found along the edges of some
continents, particularly in the western coast of
North and South America, East and South East
Asia. E.A.S
Compare the location of majority of earthquake
epicenters with the location of volcanoes around the
world.
Earthquake epicenters and volcanoes are both
situated at the same locations.

How will you relate the distribution of mountain

ranges with the distribution of earthquake epicenters
and volcanoes?
Mountain ranges are found in places where volcanoes
and/or earthquake epicenters are also located.
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Key concepts:
 Plates are large pieces of the upper few
hundred kilometers of Earth that move as a
single unit as it floats above the mantle.
 The plates are in constant motion.
 As they interact along their margins,
important geological processes take place.
Examples: formation of mountain belts,
earthquakes, and volcanoes
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END
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