STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS
Department of Civil Engineering
CE CORRELATION COURSE
2ND SEM, SY 2019-2020
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
INFLUENCE
LINES
INFLUENCE LINES

INFLUENCE LINES represent the effect of a moving

load only at a specified point on
a member
SHEAR and MOMENT represent the effect of
DIAGRAMS fixed loads at all points along
the axis of the member.

An influence line represents the variation of function

at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force
moves over the member. These function may either be
reaction
shear
moment
deflection
INFLUENCE LINES
for REACTION
PROBLEM SA.1
Construct the influence line for the vertical reaction
at A of the beam shown.

Solution:

Place
  the unit load (magnitude 1) at random
values of x from the leftmost part
(e.g. . In each position of x, vertical reaction at A
must be computed.
  at   at   at
 𝟏  𝟏  𝟏

𝑥=2.5
  𝑓𝑡 𝑥=5
  𝑓𝑡

      Σ
Σ Σ
  𝑨 𝒚 =𝟏   𝑨 𝒚 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟓 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟎 . 𝟓𝟎
 

    at
at
 𝟏  𝟏

𝑥=7.5
  𝑓𝑡 𝑥=10
  𝑓𝑡

  Σ   Σ
  𝑨 𝒚 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓   𝑨 =𝟎
PLOT THE POINTS

 0 2.5
   5 7  .5
  INFLUENCE LINE for
TECHNIQUE:

A B
12 m

A B
  INFLUENCE LINE for

A B
  INFLUENCE LINE for
TECHNIQUE:

A B
8m

A B
  INFLUENCE LINE for

A B
  INFLUENCE LINE for
INFLUENCE LINES
for SHEAR
PROBLEM SA.2
Construct the influence line for the shear at point C
of the beam shown.

Solution:

Place
  the unit load (magnitude 1) at random
values of x from the leftmost part (e.g. . In each
position of x, shear at C must be computed.
  at   at   at
 𝟏  𝟏  𝟏

𝑥=2.5
  𝑓𝑡 𝑥=2.5
  𝑓𝑡
𝑪
  𝑪
  𝑪
 

  Σ   Σ   Σ
𝑽 𝑪 =𝟎
  𝑽 𝑪 =−𝟎 . 𝟐 𝟓
  𝑽 𝑪 =𝟎 .𝟕𝟓
 

  at   at   at
 𝟏  𝟏  𝟏

𝑥=5
  𝑓𝑡 𝑥=7.5
  𝑓𝑡 𝑥=10
  𝑓𝑡
𝑪
  𝑪
  𝑪
 

  Σ   Σ   Σ
𝑽 𝑪 =𝟎 .𝟓𝟎
  𝑽 𝑪 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓
 
𝑽 𝑪 =𝟎
 
 The answers will yield:

PLOT THE POINTS

 𝐴  𝐵

𝐵
  𝑦
 𝐴 𝑦

 INFLUENCE LINE for

TECHNIQUE
:

8m 4m
A B
C
12 m

1/3

A B

-2/3
  INFLUENCE LINE for
TECHNIQUE:

6m 6m
A B
C
12 m

1/2

A B

-1/2

  INFLUENCE LINE for

TECHNIQUE:

10 m 2m
A B
C
12 m

1/6
A B

-5/6
  INFLUENCE LINE for
TECHNIQUE:

1m 11 m
A B
C

11/12 12 m

A B
-1/12

  INFLUENCE LINE for

INFLUENCE LINES
for MOMENTS
PROBLEM SA.3
Construct the influence line for the moment at point C
of the beam shown.

Solution:

Place
  the unit load (magnitude 1) at random
values of x from the leftmost part (e.g. . In each
position of x, moment at C must be computed.

Answer
 The answers will yield:

PLOT THE POINTS

TECHNIQUE:

8m 4m
A B
C
12 m

2.67

A B

  INFLUENCE LINE for

TECHNIQUE:

6m 6m
A B
C
12 m

A B

  INFLUENCE LINE for

TECHNIQUE:

10 m 2m
A B
C
12 m

5
 3

A B

  INFLUENCE LINE for

TECHNIQUE:

1m 11 m
A B
C
12 m

11
 12

A B

  INFLUENCE LINE for

PROBLEM SA.4
The beam shown below is acted by a concentrated
moving load of 4 kN and a uniform moving load of 2
kN/m.
① Determine the maximum vertical support reaction at
A.
② Determine the maximum positive live shear that can
be developed at point C.
③ Determine the maximum positive moment that can be
developed at point C.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.5a
It is required to construct the influence line for the beam
shown in the figure.
① Determine the ordinate of the influence line for the
reaction at A at point 4 m from A.
② Determine the ordinate of the influence line for the
shear at D at point 4 m from A.
③ Determine the ordinate of the influence line for the
moment at D at point 4 m from A.

Answer
THREE-MOMENT
EQUATION
METHOD
METHODS OF DETERMINING DEFLECTIONS
1. DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

2. AREA-MOMENT METHOD

3. CONJUGATE-BEAM METHOD

4. VIRTUAL-WORK METHOD

5. APPLICATION OF 2ND THEOREM OF CASTIGLIANO

METHODS OF ANALYZING INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES
6. SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

7. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

8. THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD

9. METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION

10. METHOD OF LEAST WORK

THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
a method for solving unknown moments and
reactions at nodes of the indeterminate beams
and frames.

was developed by French Engineer Clapeyron

in 1857.

THREE-MOMENT EQUATION is an effective

equation in solving continuous beams. In that
equation, the three supports of a continuous
beam may be selected as the three points A, B
and C.
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION is an effective
equation in solving CONTINUOUS BEAMS. In that
equation, the three supports of a continuous
beam may be selected as the three points A, B
and C.

CONTINUOUS BEAM is a beam with more than

two supports and covering more than one span.
 THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
 𝑴 𝑩
 𝑴 𝑨  𝑴 𝑪

A B C
 𝑳𝟏  𝑳𝟐

𝑨𝟐𝒃´ 𝟐 
 𝑴 𝑨 𝑳𝟏 +𝟐 𝑴 𝑩 ( 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐) +𝑴 +𝟔 𝑨 𝟏 ´𝒂𝟏
 
𝑪 𝑳𝟐
 +𝟔
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉𝟐
   

𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 ¿ 𝟔 𝑬𝑰
( +
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 )
 𝑨𝟏  𝑨𝟐

 𝒂
´𝟏 ´𝟏
 𝒃  𝒂
´𝟐 ´
 𝒃 𝟐
 THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
 𝑴 𝑩
 𝑴 𝑨  𝑴 𝑪

A B C
 𝑳𝟏  𝑳𝟐

𝑨𝟐𝒃´ 𝟐 
 𝑴 𝑨 𝑳𝟏 +𝟐 𝑴 𝑩 ( 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐) +𝑴 +𝟔 𝑨 𝟏 ´𝒂𝟏
 
𝑪 𝑳𝟐
 +𝟔
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉𝟐
   

𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 (
¿ 𝟔 𝑬𝑰 +
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 )
A
 + C +𝒉
  𝟐

B
 THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
 𝑴 𝑩
 𝑴 𝑨  𝑴 𝑪

A B C
 𝑳𝟏  𝑳𝟐

𝑨𝟐𝒃´ 𝟐 
 𝑴 𝑨 𝑳𝟏 +𝟐 𝑴 𝑩 ( 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐) +𝑴 +𝟔 𝑨 𝟏 ´𝒂𝟏
 
𝑪 𝑳𝟐
 +𝟔
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉𝟐
   

𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 (
¿ 𝟔 𝑬𝑰 +
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 )
A
 +

B −𝒉
  𝟐

C
 THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
for indeterminate structures (beams and
frames)
Propped Beam

imaginary span
O
 𝑳𝒐

𝑨 𝒂 +𝟔 𝑨 𝒃´
 𝑴 𝑶 𝑳𝑶 +𝟐 𝑴 𝑨 ( 𝑳𝑶 + 𝑳)  
  𝑴𝑩 𝑳+𝟔 ´ 𝟐 𝟐  𝒉𝑶 𝒉𝟐
  +
𝑳𝑶
𝑶 𝑶
𝑳 (
¿ 𝟔 𝑬𝑰 +
𝑳𝑶 𝑳 )
Values of and
 

  𝟔𝑨𝒂´  
𝟔𝑨𝒃´
Common Loadings
𝑳 𝑳
Values of and
 

  𝟔𝑨𝒂´  
𝟔𝑨𝒃´
Common Loadings
𝑳 𝑳
Values of and
 

  𝟔𝑨𝒂´  
𝟔𝑨𝒃´
Common Loadings
𝑳 𝑳
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION METHOD
SHEAR

+𝑽
  −𝑽
 

MOMENT
+𝑴
 

−  𝑴
PROBLEM SM.6
 Acontinuous beam carries the loads as shown in
the figure.
① Compute the value of .
② Compute the value of .
③ Compute the moment at B.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.7
The simply supported beam shown carries a uniform
load of 24 kN/m. Use , . Using three-moment
 
equation method,
① Determine the deflection at 4 m from the left
support

Answer
SLOPE at ANY POINT OF THE DETERMINATE
BEAM
(Using Three-Moment Equation Method)

LEFT:
  𝟔𝑨𝒂 ´
𝑴 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑳 𝑴 𝒇𝒂𝒓 𝑳 𝑳 𝒉
𝜽= + + −
𝟑 𝑬𝑰 𝟔 𝑬𝑰 𝟔 𝑬𝑰 𝑳

RIGHT:  
𝟔 𝑨𝒃´

𝜽 =− [
𝑴 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑳 𝑴 𝒇𝒂𝒓 𝑳
𝟑 𝑬𝑰
+
𝟔 𝑬𝑰
+
𝑳
𝟔 𝑬𝑰
−
𝒉
𝑳 ]
PROBLEM SM.8
The simply supported beam shown carries a uniform
load of 24 kN/m. Use , . Using three-moment
 
equation method,
① Determine the slope at 4 m from the left support

Answer
PROBLEM SM.9a
For the beam in the figure shown, EI is
constant.
① Compute the value of P that will cause a
zero deflection under P.
② Compute the reaction at A.
③Compute the reaction at B.

Answer
SHEAR STRESS (sometimes called TANGENTIAL
STRESS)
is caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area
resisting the forces.

 
𝑽
𝝉= SHEARING FORCE
𝑨 RESISTING AREA
SINGLE SHEAR DOUBLE SHEAR

PUNCHING
SHEAR
SHEARING DEFORMATION
 SHEAR DEFORMATION,

SHEAR STRAIN
  𝜏
𝐺=
𝛾
  𝑉
𝐴
𝐺=
𝛿𝑠
𝐿

  𝑽𝑳
𝜹 𝒔= SHEAR DEFORMATION
𝑨𝑮
PROBLEM SM.5
 Arectangular piece of wood, 50 mm
by 100 mm in cross-section, is used
as a compression block as shown in
the figure. Determine the maximum
axial force P that can be safely
applied to the block if the
compressive stress in the wood is
limited to and the shearing stress
parallel to the grain is limited to .
The grain makes an angle of 20°
with the horizontal, as shown.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.6
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the
dashed shape shown in the figure. Determine:
① the average normal strain along the side AB
② the average shear strain in the plate at A
relative to the x and y axes.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.7a
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the
member supported as shown in the figure. The pin
diameter is 20 mm.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 3b H
H
O
O
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in II
C
C
the clevis in the Figure (b) if P = 400 kN. The shearing E
E
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa. S
S

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 3c H
H
O
O
As shown in the figure, a hole is to be punched out of II
C
C
a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The E
E
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. S
S
Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a
hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched.

Answer
 THIN-WALLED
PRESSURE VESSELS
3. THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL VESSEL
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected
to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across
longitudinal and transverse sections.

 TANGENTIAL (CIRCUMFERENTIAL)
STRESS,
  𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝑻 =
𝟐𝒕
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS,

  𝒑𝑫
𝝈 𝑳=
𝟒𝒕
 𝑝=𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas
under a pressure of p. the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

 WALL STRESS,

  𝒑𝑫
𝝈=
𝟒𝒕
THICK-WALLED CYLINDER
 Inthin-walled cylinders, the wall thickness is very small compared
to the tank diameter. If in the case of thick-walled cylinders, the
tangential stress and radial stress at any distance from the center
is given by the following equations:

 RADIAL STRESS,

 TANGENTIAL STRESS,
 C
C
SITUATION 1 H
H
O
O
II
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with C
C
a wall thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal E
E
pressure of 4.5 MPa. S
S

PROBLEM 4
Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel.

PROBLEM 5
To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120 MPa?

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6a H
H
O
O
II
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter C
C
E
spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the E
S
S
allowable internal pressure if the stress is
limited to 8000 psi.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6b H
H
O
O
II
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for C
C
E
a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at E
S
S
a pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the
vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to
12 ksi.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6c H
H
O
O
II
A steel pipe 1.5 m in diameter is required C
C
E
to carry an internal pressure of 750 kPa. If E
S
S
the allowable tensile stress of steel is 140
MPa, determine the required thickness of
the pipe in mm.

Answer