STRENGTH

of

MATERIALS
Department of Civil Engineering
CE CORRELATION COURSE
2ND SEM, SY 2019-2020
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
branch of mechanics that deals with the internal
effects of external forces on bodies.

𝑃 𝑥𝑥
 
= AXIAL FORCE
𝑀 𝑥𝑥
 
= TORSION

𝑃  𝑥𝑧 ,𝑃 𝑥𝑦 = SHEAR FORCE 𝑀 𝑥𝑧 , 𝑀 𝑥𝑦= BENDING MOMENTS

 
STRESS AND STRAIN

STRESS - force per unit area

 
𝑷  
𝑽
𝝈= 𝝉=
𝑨 𝑨
STRAIN - total deformation per gage length
- unit deformation

 
𝜹  
𝜹𝒔
𝝐= 𝜸=
𝑳 𝑳
 SIMPLE STRESSES/
UNIFORM STRESSES/
DIRECT STRESSES
SIMPLE STRESSES

1. NORMAL STRESS (AXIAL STRESS)

2. SHEAR STRESS

3. TANGENTIAL AND LONGITUDINAL STRESS

4. BEARING STRESS
5. THERMAL STRESS
AXIAL STRESS
and
AXIAL STRAIN
AXIAL STRESS (NORMAL STRESS)

  𝑷 INTERNAL REACTION
𝝈=
𝑨 RESISTING AREA
 
AXIAL DEFORMATION,

  𝜎
𝐸=
𝜖

  𝑃
𝐴
𝐸=
𝛿
𝐿

  𝑷𝑳 AXIAL
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬 DEFORMATION
PROBLEM SM.1
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section
rigidly fastened between a bronze section and a steel
section as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied
at the positions indicated. Determine the stress in
each section.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.2
 The composite rod in the figure is stress-free before
the axial loads are applied. Assuming that the walls
are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if and

Answer
PROBLEM SM.3a
 The block of weight W in the figure hangs from the
pin at A. The bars AB and AC are pinned to the
support at B and C. The areas are for AB and 4 for
AC. Neglecting the weights of the bars, determine
the maximum safe value of W if the stress in AB is
limited to 110 MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.3b
 For the truss shown in the figure, determine the
stress in members AC and BD. The cross-sectional
area of each member is

Answer
PROBLEM SM.4a
The rigid bars AB and CD shown in the figure are
supported by pins at A and C and the two rods.
Determine the maximum force P, in kN, that can be
applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5
mm. Neglect the weights of all members.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.4b
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown
in the figure, is horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is
50 kN.

Answer
SHEAR STRESS
and
SHEAR STRAIN
SHEAR STRESS (sometimes called TANGENTIAL
STRESS)
is caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area
resisting the forces.

 
𝑽
𝝉= SHEARING FORCE
𝑨 RESISTING AREA
SINGLE SHEAR DOUBLE SHEAR

PUNCHING
SHEAR
SHEARING DEFORMATION
 SHEAR DEFORMATION,

SHEAR STRAIN
  𝜏
𝐺=
𝛾
  𝑉
𝐴
𝐺=
𝛿𝑠
𝐿

  𝑽𝑳
𝜹 𝒔= SHEAR DEFORMATION
𝑨𝑮
PROBLEM SM.5
 Arectangular piece of wood, 50 mm
by 100 mm in cross-section, is used
as a compression block as shown in
the figure. Determine the maximum
axial force P that can be safely
applied to the block if the
compressive stress in the wood is
limited to and the shearing stress
parallel to the grain is limited to .
The grain makes an angle of 20°
with the horizontal, as shown.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.6
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the
dashed shape shown in the figure. Determine:
① the average normal strain along the side AB
② the average shear strain in the plate at A
relative to the x and y axes.

Answer
PROBLEM SM.7a
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the
member supported as shown in the figure. The pin
diameter is 20 mm.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 3b H
H
O
O
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in II
C
C
the clevis in the Figure (b) if P = 400 kN. The shearing E
E
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa. S
S

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 3c H
H
O
O
As shown in the figure, a hole is to be punched out of II
C
C
a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The E
E
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. S
S
Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a
hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched.

Answer
 THIN-WALLED
PRESSURE VESSELS
3. THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL VESSEL
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected
to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across
longitudinal and transverse sections.

 TANGENTIAL (CIRCUMFERENTIAL)
STRESS,
  𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝑻 =
𝟐𝒕
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS,

  𝒑𝑫
𝝈 𝑳=
𝟒𝒕
 𝑝=𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas
under a pressure of p. the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

 WALL STRESS,

  𝒑𝑫
𝝈=
𝟒𝒕
THICK-WALLED CYLINDER
 Inthin-walled cylinders, the wall thickness is very small compared
to the tank diameter. If in the case of thick-walled cylinders, the
tangential stress and radial stress at any distance from the center
is given by the following equations:

 RADIAL STRESS,

 TANGENTIAL STRESS,
 C
C
SITUATION 1 H
H
O
O
II
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with C
C
a wall thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal E
E
pressure of 4.5 MPa. S
S

PROBLEM 4
Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel.

PROBLEM 5
To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120 MPa?

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6a H
H
O
O
II
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter C
C
E
spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the E
S
S
allowable internal pressure if the stress is
limited to 8000 psi.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6b H
H
O
O
II
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for C
C
E
a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at E
S
S
a pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the
vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to
12 ksi.

Answer
 C
C
PROBLEM 6c H
H
O
O
II
A steel pipe 1.5 m in diameter is required C
C
E
to carry an internal pressure of 750 kPa. If E
S
S
the allowable tensile stress of steel is 140
MPa, determine the required thickness of
the pipe in mm.

Answer