PLANE & SPHERICAL

TRIGONOMETRY
Department of Civil Engineering
CE CORRELATION COURSE
2ND SEM, SY 2019-2020
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
 C
C
H
PROBLEM T.1 May 1996 H
O
O
II
C
C
Find the value of sin (90° + A)? E
E
S
S

Answer
PROBLEM T.1 May 1996 back

Find the value of sin (90° + A)?

a. sin A c. -sin A

b. cos A d. -cos A

Answer
 C
C

PROBLEM T.2 H
H
O
O
II
C
C
E
E
If , then is equal to:
 
S
S

Answer
 C
C

PROBLEM T.3a Nov 08 H

H
O
O
II
C
C
  E
E
If and , what is the value of ? S
S

Answer
 C
C

PROBLEM T.3b H
H
O
O
II
C
C
  E
E
If , find in degrees. S
S

Answer
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
is the triangle enclosed by arcs of three
great circles of a sphere.

The sum of the interior

angles of a spherical
triangle is greater than
180° and less than
540°.
𝟓𝟒𝟎 ° ≥( 𝑨+ 𝑩+𝑪)>𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
 
AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
The area of a spherical triangle of a
sphere of radius R is:

𝟐
 
𝝅 𝑹 𝑬
𝑨=
𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
where
E = spherical excess in
degrees

𝑬=( 𝑨+ 𝑩+𝑪 )−𝟏𝟖𝟎 °

 
RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

NAPIER’S CIRCLE
The Napier’s circle indicates the
sides and angle of the triangle in
consecutive order, not including
the right angle

 ´
𝑨=𝟗𝟎 −𝑨
 ´
𝑩=𝟗𝟎− 𝑩
 
𝒄´ =𝟗𝟎− 𝒄
NAPIER’S RULE
NAPIER’S CIRCLE
 ´
𝑨=𝟗𝟎 −𝑨
 ´
𝑩=𝟗𝟎− 𝑩
 
𝒄´ =𝟗𝟎− 𝒄
SIN-COOP RULE
The sine of any middle part is equal to product of
the cosines of its opposite parts.

SIN-TAAD RULE
The sine of any middle part is equal to product of
the tangents of its adjacent parts.
 C
C

PROBLEM T.4 May 97

H
H
O
O
II
C
C
In a spherical triangle, , , and . Find its
 
E
E
S
area when the radius is 30 m. S

Answer
PROBLEM T.5 May 04

Angle C = 90° in a right spherical triangle ABC. If

a = 50° and c = 80°, find the angle A in degrees.

Answer
PROBLEM T.6b
Angle C = 90° in a right spherical triangle ABC. If
a = 50° and c = 80°, find the angle B in degrees.

Answer
 OBLIQUE
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
LAW OF SINES
  𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂  𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄
 
=¿ =¿
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪

LAW OF COSINES for SIDES

𝒄𝒐𝒔
  𝒂=¿ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃  𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄  +¿ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃  𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩

 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪

 OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
LAW OF COSINES for SIDES
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩

 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄=𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪

LAW OF COSINES for ANGLES

 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨=− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 +𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩=−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑪 +𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃

 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑪=−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄

PROBLEM T.7 Nov 02

In the spherical triangle ABC, A = 116° 19’,

B = 55° 30’, and C = 80° 37’. What is the
value of side b.

Answer
PROBLEM T.8b May 06

In a spherical triangle ABC, B = 81°50’, C

= 94°30’. If side c = 90°, what is the value
of angle A?

Answer
THE TERRESTRIAL
SPHERE
THE TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
THE TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
MERIDIAN
a great circle passing through
the north and south pole.
PRIME MERIDIAN
is the meridian passing
through Greenwich, England
EQUATOR
is a great circle perpendicular
to the meridians.
PARALLELS or LATITUDES
are small circles parallel to the equator. Its measure is from
0° and 90°.

GMT
Greenwich Mean Time
THE TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
REMEMBER!!!
 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
 ¿ 𝟏𝟓 ° / 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔

The mean radius of the earth

is 6373 km (3959 miles),
usually taken as 6400 km
(4000 miles)

1 nautical mile = 6080 feet

- this is the length of arc on the surface of the earth
subtended by one (1) minute of an arc of the great circle.

The Philippines (Manila) is located at 121° 05’ E longitude

and 14° 36’ N latitude with time zone of GMT + 8:00
 C
C
PROBLEM T.9 H
H
O
O
II
C
If the longitude of Tokyo is 139° E and C
E
E
that of Manila is 121° E, what is the time S
S

difference between Tokyo and Manila?

Answer must be in hours and minutes.

Answer
PROBLEM T.10
Given the following geographical coordinates,
find the distance between Australia and
Manila in nautical miles.
Place Latitude Longitude
Australia 14°35’ S 140°59’ E
Manila 15°39’ N 120°45’E

Answer
PROBLEM T.11a
A plane flew from Tokyo (latitude = 14° 30’ N
and longitude of 121° 30’ E) on a course of S
30° W and maintains uniform altitude. At
what longitude will it cross the equator?

Answer
PROBLEM T.11b
A plane flew from Davao City (latitude = 14° N
and longitude of 121.5° E) on a course of S
30° W and maintains uniform altitude. At
what longitude will the plane cross the
equator?

Answer