TARGETS:

• Explain the idea behind hypothesis

testing
• Define and formulate statistical
hypothesis
• Distinguish null hypothesis from
alternative hypothesis
• Differentiate directional and non-
directional test
• Discriminate Type I and Type II
errors S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
REVIEW:
• Population
• Sample
• Parameter
• Statistic
• Inferential Statistics

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 THE LANGUAGE OF
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
HYPOTHESIS

It is a premise or a claim that we want to

test.
Types of Hypothesis
- Null Hypothesis
- Alternative Hypothesis

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
It is a premise or a claim about the value
of population parameter or the values
of several population parameters.
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)
— currently accepted value of a
parameter
— a statement that asserts the value to
which the population parameter is equal
ALTERNATIVE
and is presumed to be HYPOTHESIS
true
(Ha)
— the ‘alternative’ or ‘research’
hypothesis
— statement that negates/contradicts the
null hypothesis
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Directional Test
- Also called one-tailed test
- A test that determines the relationship of
variables in one direction, either the left or
the right of the bell curve
Nondirectional Test
- Also called two-tailed test
- A standard test used in many researches
and it compares the population parameter
in both directions of the normal curve.
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
It is a decision-making process for evaluating
claims a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly
coming from that population.

The decision is whether

the characteristic is
acceptable or not. S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Step 1: State the hypothesis to be
tested.
Step 2: Set the standard that
describes whether the claim is
true or not.
Step 3: Compute the test statistic.
Step 4: Make decision.
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 STATING THE
HYPOTHESIS TO BE
TESTED
(Formulating Hypothesis)

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
EXAMPLE 1:
It is believed that the candy machine
can make 5g chocolate bars. A
worker claims that the machine after
maintenance no longer makes 5g
bars.
Write Ho and Ha in symbols and in
words.

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
EXAMPLE 2:
You want to validate the claim that the
average number of sleeping hours of
college students is 5 hours.
Write Ho and Ha (two-tailed) in symbol
and in words

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
EXAMPLE 3:
Fifty male and 50 female senior high school
students were asked if they are in
favor/against sex education. Among the 50
male students, 25 are in favor and 25 are
against. Among the 50 female students, 20 are
in favor and 30 are against. Is there a
significant difference between male and
female senior high school students who are in
favor of sex education?
Write Ho and Ha (two-tailed) in symbol and in
words. S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
Formulate a null hypothesis and its alternative hypothesis
(two-tailed) for each of the following. Write them in
symbols and in words.
1. The average TV viewing time of all five year old
children is 4 hours daily.
2. A college librarian claimed that 20 storybooks on the
average are borrowed daily.
3. The mean performance of all Grade 11 students in
General Mathematics Test is 65.
4. The inventor of a new kind of light bulb claims that all
such bulbs last as long as 3000 hours.
5. Is there a significant difference between the
experimental group and control group in terms of
achievement in Statistics?
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 SETTING THE
STANDARDS
(Level of Significance)

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
Reject H0
Fail to Reject H0
SIGNIFICANCE
The decision to reject H0 or fail to
reject H0
It is reached when the p-value
or probability value of obtaining
the sample statistic is less than
the set level of significance.
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
The decision should be based on
a set criterion of judgement.
The common used levels are 1%,
5% and 10%.

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
IMPORTANT NOTE:
When using 5% level of
SIGNIFICANCE, the significance is
reached and thus, the null hypothesis
is rejected if the p-value is less than
0.05.
When using 5% level of
SIGNIFICANCE, the significance is
reached and thus, the null hypothesis
is accepted if the p-value is greater
than 0.05. S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
COMPUTE THE TEST
STATISTIC

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
THE REJECTION REGION
Also called critical region
The range of values for the sample
statistic that indicates when the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
It is based on the value called the
critical value which is usually
determined using an appropriate
distribution table based on the test
statistic.
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
MAKE THE DECISION

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 DECISION
ERRORS IN
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
TYPES OF ERROR
When performing such tests, there is
some chance that we will reach the wrong
conclusion. There are two types of errors:
Type I – H0 is rejected even though it is
true (false positive)
Type II – H0 is accepted even though it is
false (false negative)

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 TYPE I ERROR
The probability of type I error (α) is also called the
level of significance.

TYPE II ERROR
• The probability of type II error is denoted by β .
• Unlike α, which is specified by the researcher, the
magnitude of β depends on the actual value of the
population parameter (proportion).

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
Consider a criminal trial. We test the hypothesis.

H0 : The defendant did not commit the

crime
Ha : The defendant committed the crime

Type I Error: Convicting a person, who in

reality, did not commit the crime

Type II Error: Acquitting a person, who

in reality, committed the crime
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
 ACTIVITY: STATING HYPOTHESIS
1. On a piece of paper, write the claim of a
research paper you have read (which
becomes their inspiration in writing their
thesis).
2. State the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis of the claim you have written
then explain how can you commit a TYPE I
and Type II error

S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )
Test Hypothesis for the Mean (Large Samples)

1. What is the purpose of hypothesis

testing?
2. What is the difference between
null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis?
3. How will you distinguish
directional and non-directional
test?
4. How will you commit a type 1 or
a type 2 error?
S T AT & P R O B A ( A . S . A )