TECHNICAL STUDY

Prepared by : Dennis B. Alferos, MBA

Technical Study

• A technical feasibility study assesses the details of how

you intend to deliver a product or service to customers.
Think materials, labor, transportation, where your
business will be located, and the technology that will be
necessary to bring all this together. It's the logistical or
tactical plan of how your business will produce, store,
deliver, and track its products or services.
Name and Logo of the Business

• A logo is a graphic mark, emblem, symbol or

stylized name used to identify a company,
organization, product, or brand. It may take the
form of an abstract or figurative design, or it may
present as a stylized version of the
company's name if it has
sufficient brand recognition. 
• A company/business logo is a symbol of your
company's/business identity. It creates your
customers' first impression of your
company/business. The best logos send a
message to customers about the
company's/business values, create brand loyalty
and give company/business letterhead, vehicles
and signs a more professional appearance.
Here Are 9 Powerful Tips For Effective
Logo Design

• Know The Brand. Before you set out to design your logo, make
sure that you have some insight of the brand. ...
• Reflects Nature Of Your Business. ...
• Impression Is Crucial. ...
• Use Colors In A Planned Way. ...
• Pick Fonts Carefully. ...
• Chose The Type Of Logo. ...
• Keep It Simple. ...
• Make It Scalable
How to Choose a Company Name & Logo

• The name and logo you choose for your business are
nearly as important as the products or services you
decide to sell. If you choose your name and logo well,
they will stay in your customers' minds and remind them
of the value your company offers. In fact, a well chosen
name and logo can help you to stand out amount the
competition. Your customers will instantly think of your
memorable business name and logo whenever they are in
the market for your products or services
Product or Services Description

• The products and services section of your business plan is

more than just a list of what your business is going to
provide. Especially if you intend to use your business
plan to get funding or find partners, your products and
services section needs to showcase the quality, value,
and benefits your business offers.
Product and Services section should include:

• A description of the products or services you are offering

or plan to offer.
• How your products and services will be priced.
• A comparison of the products or services your
competitors offer in relation to yours.
• Sales literature you plan to use, including information
about your marketing materials and the role your
website will play in your sales efforts.
• A paragraph or so on how orders from your customers
will be processed or fulfilled 
• Any needs you have in order to create or deliver your
products, such as up-to-date computer equipment
• Any intellectual property, such as trademarks, or legal
issues you need to address
• Future products or services you plan to offer
A time and motion study (or time-motion
study

• is a business efficiency technique
What is a Business Process?

• A business process is a collection of linked tasks which

find their end in the delivery of a service or product to a
client.   A business process has also been defined as a set
of activities and tasks that, once completed, will
accomplish an organizational goal.
How To Price A Product?

• Product pricing is an essential element in determining

the success of your product or service, yet eCommerce
entrepreneurs and businesses often only consider pricing
as an afterthought. They settle and use the first price
that comes to mind, copy competitors, or (even worse)
guess
Steps in Pricing a Product

• STEP 1: FIND A BASE PRICE BY GETTING TO KNOW COMMON

PRICING STRATEGIES IN YOUR INDUSTRY

• COST-BASED PRICING
• One of the most simple ways to price your product is called cost-
plus pricing.[*]
• Cost-based pricing involves calculating the total costs it takes to
make your product, then adding a percentage markup to
determine the final price
MARKET-ORIENTED PRICING

• Also referred to as a competition-based pricing strategy, market-

oriented pricing compares similar products (competition) in the
market.
• The seller sets the price higher or lower than their competitors
depending on how well their own product matches up.[*]
• Price above market: Consciously pricing your product above the
competition to brand yourself as having a higher-quality or better-
performing item
• Copy market: Selling your item at the same price as your
competition to maximize profit while staying competitive
• Price below market: Using data as a benchmark and consciously
pricing a product below competitors, to lure customers into your
store over theirs
• Dynamic pricing, also referred to as demand pricing or time-based
pricing, is a strategy in which businesses set flexible prices for a
product or service based on current market demands.[*]
• In other words, dynamic pricing is the act of changing a price
multiple times throughout the day, week, or month to better
match consumer purchasing habits. 
• STEP 2: CAPTURE MORE MARKET SHARE BY EXPERIMENTING
WITH PRICING (AND UNDERSTANDING PRICE ELASTICITY)

• Lots of businesses fall into the trap of thinking if they lower

product prices, more people will buy the product and their
revenue will increase.
DISCOUNT PRICING

• Discount pricing is a strategy where items are initially marked up

artificially or start at a higher price, but are then offered for sale
at what seems to be a reduced cost to the consumer. 
LOSS-LEADER PRICING

• Similar to discount pricing in strategy, loss-leader pricing takes a

slightly more risky approach to attracting purchasers.
• Anchor Pricing is where you display your “regular” price and then
visibly lower the price of that item in stores or online. It works so
well because it helps you to create an image in shoppers’ minds
that they’re getting an incredible deal
• STEP 3: MAKE SURE YOUR PRODUCT PRICING DRIVES LONG-TERM
BUSINESS PROFIT

• EXPERIMENT WITH PRICING

• There are many things that directly affect the pricing of a
product. That’s why it’s important to not allow your pricing
strategy to remain static. 
• Prices that fluctuate and move with the market will help to
increase revenue and decrease consumer surplus.
Here are three great ways you can
experiment with your pricing:

• 1. Raise Your Prices On Best-sellers

• 2. Take Advantage Of Seasonal Discounts Or Promotions
• 3. Model, Don’t Copy Your Competitors
Importance of Location
Location is the place where a firm decides to site its operations.
Location decisions can have a big impact on costs and revenues.
• A business needs to decide on the best location taking into account
factors such as:
• Customers - is the location convenient for customers?
• Staff - are there sufficient numbers of local staff with the right skills
willing to work at the right wage?
• Support services - are there services offering specialist advice,
training and support?
• Cost - how much will the premises cost? Those situated in prime
locations (such as city centres) are far more expensive to rent than
edge-of-town premises.
• "Machinery and equipment" means:
• "Industrial fixture" means an item attached to a building or to
land. Fixtures become part of the real estate to which they are
attached and upon attachment are classified as real property, not
personal property. Examples of "industrial fixtures" are fuel oil
lines, boilers, craneways, and certain concrete slabs.
• "Machinery and equipment" includes pollution control equipment
installed and used in a qualifying operation to prevent air
pollution, water pollution, or contamination that might otherwise
result from the operation.  
• 
• 
Store Uniforms

• A uniform is a type of clothing worn by members of a

business while participating in that organization's
activity.
Utilities(water, gas, electricity,etc…)
• Utilities (water, electricity and gas) are essential
services that play a vital role in economic and social
development. Quality utilities are a prerequisite for
effective poverty eradication.
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and
Management
• Open burning
• Dumping into the sea
• Sanitary Landfills
• Incineration
• Composting
• Ploughing in fields
• Hog feeding
• Grinding and discharging into sewers
• Salvaging
• Fermentation and biological digestion
Work Schedule

• A work schedule generally refers to the days per week and the
hours per day that an employee is expected to be at their job.
There are several different types of work schedules, which vary
based on the organization and the position. Your schedule can also
vary based on the time of year. For example, some jobs have work
schedules that change, depending on the season
Types of Work Schedules

• Full-Time Work Schedule: A full-time work schedule often

requires a commitment of 37-40 hours per week. Because of the
long hours, most jobs with full-time schedules are eligible for 
employee benefits. These benefits can include vacation and sick
days, health insurance, and different retirement plan options
• Part-Time Work Schedule: A part-time work schedule is any
schedule less than full-time employment. The benefit of this type
of schedule is that it allows for greater flexibility to maintain
other responsibilities outside of work.
• Fixed Work Schedule: A fixed work schedule is a timetable that
generally consists of the same number of hours and days worked
per week. Fixed work schedules tend to stay consistent once the
number of hours and the days have been agreed upon by both the
employer and the worker. An example of a fixed schedule would
be Monday through Friday from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM or Thursday
through Sunday from 3:00 PM to 11:00 PM.
• Flexible Work Schedule: A flexible work schedule is less rigid
than a fixed schedule. Employees and employers work together to
determine the number of hours and days of the week the
employee will work. Depending on the employer’s policy,
employees may be expected to work a minimum number of hours
or be at work at a certain daily block of time, but shifts can often
be switched with other coworkers in order to satisfy the needs of
the employer and the busy life of the employee
• Rotating Shift Work Schedule: Rotating work schedules cycle
employees through day, swing, and night shifts. This cycle helps to
distribute different shifts between all employees so that no one is
stuck with the less desirable hours every shift
MANAGEMENT STUDY
Types of Ownership

• Each type of ownership functions differently and places you in a

slightly different role within the company. There are different
advantages to each business type and also specific requirements
that you have to meet in some cases
Sole Proprietorship

• Perhaps the most basic type of business entity is the sole

proprietorship. It typically takes the form of a single individual in
business as the sole owner of the company. In many cases, the
owner of the sole proprietorship is also the only employee as well,
though this doesn't have to be the case. The sole proprietorship
isn't registered with a state agency and doesn't require a specific
license or filing for its creation. Many self-employed individuals
who provide services either in their local community or online act
as sole proprietorships, as they do not create a separate formal
company before beginning their work.
Partnership

• Partnerships are similar to sole proprietorships, though they are

owned and managed by two or more individuals instead of one.
The owners may divide duties among themselves, putting one in
charge of finances while the other is in charge of day-to-day
operations, for example. For a general partnership, there is no
filing to create a separate company and the same legal liabilities
faced in a sole proprietorship are also faced in a partnership.
Contracts between the partners may shift the liability to certain
members within the partnership, but there is no way to shift the
liability to the business itself.
Limited Liability Company

• Limited liability companies create a separate legal entity that can

bear at least some of the liability for debt and legal action, reducing
or eliminating the liability faced by the business owner or owners.
The business structure is similar to a corporation, yet the business
itself is much less structured than a full corporation and provides the
owners with the same sort of flexibility that one sees with a general
partnership. An LLC is often referred to as a hybrid business model,
as it combines some of the benefits of incorporation with some of the
benefits of operating a general partnership. Note that an LLC is
different than a limited partnership and requires different filings to
create.
Corporation

• A corporation is a business that operates as a separate legal entity

than its creators. Corporations are taxed at different rates than
other business types, and a corporation may have different legal
rights and responsibilities, depending on the state where it is
incorporated. A corporation can enter into legal agreements with
individuals and other businesses, it can be sold or have others take
control of it and it maintains most of the liability for its debts and
legal actions itself.
VISION, MISSION & VALUES

• A vision statement is a statement of an organization’s overarching

aspirations of what it hopes to achieve or to become
• the mission statement describes what the organization needs to
do now to achieve the vision. The vision and mission statements
must support each other, but the mission statement is more
specific. It defines how the organization will be different from
other organizations in its industry.
• The values statement, also called the code of ethics, differs from
both the vision and mission statements. The vision and mission
state where the organization is going (vision) and what it will do to
get there (mission). They direct the efforts of people in the
organization toward common goals. The values statement defines
what the organization believes in and how people in the
organization are expected to behave—with each other, with
customers and suppliers, and with other stakeholders.
What Is Capitalization?

• Capitalization is an accounting method in which a cost is included

in the value of an asset and expensed over the useful life of that
asset, rather than being expensed in the period the cost was
originally incurred. In finance, capitalization refers to the 
cost of capital in the form of a corporation's stock, long-term debt
, and retained earnings. In addition, market capitalization refers
to the number of outstanding shares multiplied by the share price
Organizational Structure

• An organizational chart, also called organigram or organogram,

is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the
relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. The
term is also used for similar diagrams, for example ones showing
the different elements of a field of knowledge or a group of
languages
• Running a small business often means the buck starts and stops
with you. But if you want to attract and keep qualified employees
to help spread out responsibilities, you need an organizational
hierarchy that promotes communication, defines the chain of
command and shows employees how to advance their careers up
the ladder
Functional Organization Structure

• Under a functional organization structure, people who do similar

tasks are grouped together based on specialty. So all the
accountants are placed in the finance department and so on for
the marketing, operations, senior management and human
resources departments.
• The advantages of this kind of structure include quick decision
making, because the group members can easily communicate.
They can also learn from each other, since they already possess
similar skill sets and interests
Divisional Structure Based on Products

• In a divisional structure, your company groups workers into teams

based on the products or projects that meet the needs of a certain
type of customer. For example, a bakery with a catering operation
might structure the workforce based on key clientele, such as a
wedding department and a wholesale-retail department. The
division of labor in this kind of structure ensures workers making
similar products can achieve greater efficiency and higher output.
Matrix Structure Combines Functional and
Divisional Models

• A matrix structure combines elements of the functional and

divisional models, so it’s more complex. It groups people into
functional departments of specialization, then further separates
them into divisional projects and products
• In a matrix structure the team members are given more autonomy
and expected to take on more responsibility for their work. This
increases the productivity of the team, fosters greater innovation
and creativity, and allows managers to cooperatively solve
decision-making problems through group interaction. This type of
organizational structure takes lots of planning and effort, making
it appropriate for large companies that have the resources to
devote to managing a complex business framework.
Flat Organizational Structure

• A flat organizational structure attempts to disrupt the traditional

top-down management system of most companies. Management is
decentralized so there is no everyday “boss.” Each employee is
the boss of themselves, eliminating bureaucracy and red tape and
improving direct communication.
Manpower Requirements and Operations in a
Business Proposal

• Writing a winning business proposal can be a critical part of

expanding your business. An informal meeting with a potential
new client sets the stage, but a thoughtful, personalized business
proposal can help you seal the deal. As you craft your business
proposal, two important areas to consider are the manpower
requirements of the project and the operational requirements of
the project. These areas will help inform the project deliverables,
milestones and overall budget.
Writing a Business Proposal

• The purpose of a business proposal is to win new business, so it

should be written with sales in mind. Some industries have a
specific template that’s commonly used, so if you’re uncertain of
the correct format, connect with peers in your network to find out
proposal specifics. In particular, federal and state governments
bids may have specific requirements that you need to meet.
Manpower Proposal Considerations

• Before you write your business proposal, consider the manpower

you’ll need for this project. Your manpower requirements
definition may include managers, front-line employees and
employees with special skill sets required for this project. Define
the roles of each member of your proposed team and how they
will interact with each other. Estimate how long it will take for
each team member to complete their portion of the project. Use
that estimate to determine your manpower costs, keeping in mind
their salary, their employee benefits, payroll taxes and other costs
associated with their employment.
Operations Proposal Considerations

• Your operational plan will influence several areas of your business

proposal. For example, it will play a large role in the section
where you spell out the details of your project. You may want to
include a brief description of how your product is made, as well as
your supply chain. You should also describe the quality control
measures you have in place to ensure a high-quality product or
service.
Employment Process

• Create a job description and job specification

• Initial screening
• Employment Test
• Interviewing
• Reference checking
• Medical
• Employment
Create a Job Description & Specification

• Before the employment process is started it must be clear which jobs need to
be filled and what types of personnel are required. The job description
identifies the duties and responsibilities of the position.
• A job specification identifies the types of skills and the level of knowledge
required by an employee to successfully function within the role.
• Often the job specification is included within the documented Job Description.
• Access B&B online for examples of Job Descriptions that include job
specifications.
• The completed job description and specification are used as the basis for
evaluating the applicants
Initial Screening

• There are a number of different ways to screen applicants. Some

organisations conduct a courtesy interview to establish suitable
candidates. Other organisations prefer to filter the applicants
based on their Resumes without a courtesy interview

• Which ever method is used, all applicants should be judged against

the requirements documented in the job description and the job
specification.
• Based on the job requirements a rating system may need to be
created. A rating system allows you to score each applicant
against the most important skills and qualities required for the
role.
• The applicants that have progressed through the initial screening
process will then go on to the Employment Test or interview
phase, depending on the process followed by your organisation. 
Employment Test

• Some organisations require employees to pass an employment test

to ensure they have the skills or personal characteristics required
to fulfill the position.
• Employment tests can be classified into aptitude and behavioural
tests.
• Aptitude tests may also include general skills tests, which focus on
the applicant's general intelligence and may include grammar,
verbal reasoning and basic math tests.
• Behavioral tests focus on the personal characteristics that an
applicant displays or has the potential to display. For example,
these tests may attempt to show the leadership potential of
applicants. 
Interviewing

• Interviewing is the most common method of employment.

Interviews may be conducted before or after employment tests.
Some organisations rely on one interview whilst others have a
series of interviews that applicants must progress through.
• Interviews can be conducted by one or more interviewers, for
example an interview panel.
Reference Checking

• If an employee has met the requirements of the job and has

progressed through the selection process they will need to have
their references checked. Reference checks help to ensure that
the employee has the qualifications, skills and experiences that
have been indicated.
Medical

• Some organisations require employees to complete a medical test

prior to employment. Ensure that you check with your
organisation's policies and procedures to see if a medical test is
required
Employment

• The final process of the selection process is to make an offer of

employment to the successful applicant. Offers of employment
should meet the standards required by your organisation. Most
organisations have a standard document that is used for both the
offer of employment and the employment contract
Legal requirements for starting a business i
n the Philippines
• Business Registration
• Whether the type of enterprise you want to run in the Philippines
is a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation, the basic
legal requirements of starting a business in the Philippines are the
following: 
• 
• 1. Register the business with the corresponding department or
agency
• Sole proprietorships must be registered with the Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI). Partnerships and corporations, on the
other hand, must be registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC). The name of the business is also included in the
registration. 
• 
• 2. Obtain a business permit
• Head to the local government unit of the place you intend to
operate your business in. Secure a business or mayor’s permit.
Each municipality has its own specific requirements and
procedures for the registration of businesses, so be sure to check
the individual websites of these areas for more information. 
• 
• Many of the basic requirements • Occupancy permit
include:
• Sanitary permit
• DTI or SEC registration form
• Environmental permit
• Barangay clearance
• Fire permit
• Zoning clearance
• Sketch of the location • Other additional documents or
permits
• Land title or contract of lease
• Community tax certificate
• Public liability insurance
• Register with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
• After obtaining the necessary documents and permits, register the
business with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR). Business
owners need to get a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) from
the Revenue District Office (RDO) within the registered location of
the business
• There are two kinds BIR forms you can fill out depending on the
type of business you’re starting. These forms are:
• Form 1901 for people who are self-employed, single proprietors,
or professionals
• Form 1903 for partnerships and corporations
• 
• 4. Registering with the SSS, PhilHealth, and Pag-IBIG Fund
• If you hire employees, register them with the necessary
government programs. The Social Security System (SSS) is a social
insurance program that collects the monthly contribution of
employees, along with the share of their employer. The SSS gives
employees health and retirement benefits from their monthly
contributions, along with a variety of small loans. An SSS
membership is mandatory for all employees who are 60 years old
and below
• . Additional requirements:
• Aside from the requirements mentioned above, there are also
other special requirements that businesses need. These
requirements depend on the nature of the business and their
corresponding industry. If you intend to open a school or offer
training or education programs, register with the Department of
Education (DepEd). For businesses that sell food products, register
with the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD).
• 
What Is a Code of Ethics?

• A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help

professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity. A code
of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the
business or organization, how professionals are supposed to
approach problems, the ethical principles based on the
organization's core values, and the standards to which the
professional is held.
• A code of ethics also referred to as an "ethical code," may
encompass areas such as business ethics, a code of professional
practice and an employee code of conduct
KEY TAKEAWAYS

• A code of ethics sets out an organization's ethical guidelines and

best practices to follow for honesty, integrity, and
professionalism.
• For members of an organization, violating the code of ethics can
result in sanction including termination.
• In some industries, including banking and finance, specific laws
govern business conduct. In others, a code of ethics may be
voluntarily adopted.
Understanding a Code of Ethics

• Business ethics refers to how ethical principles guide a business's

operations. Common issues that fall under the umbrella of
business ethics include employer-employee relations,
discrimination, environmental issues, bribery and insider trading,
and social responsibility. While many laws exist to set basic ethical
standards within the business community, it is largely dependent
upon a business's leadership to develop a code of ethics.
Project Scheduling

• The project schedule is the tool that communicates what work

needs to be performed, which resources of the organization will
perform the work and the timeframes in which that work needs to
be performed. The project schedule should reflect all of the work
associated with delivering the project on time. Without a full and
complete schedule, the project manager will be unable to
communicate the complete effort, in terms of cost and resources,
necessary to deliver the project.
•Thank you!!!