Macromolecules

Macromolecules
copyright cmassengale 1
There are four classes of biological
macromolecules: Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Before you can understand the topics in this unit
there are some key vocabulary terms you need to
know.
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer
What do these words mean?
So What Is A
Macromolecule?
A very large molecules consisting of
many smaller structural units
(monomers) linked together to form
polymers
Biological
Macromolecule
All biological macromolecules are made
up of a small number of elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
and Phosphorus
Next Word…..
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
What does
“Mono”
mean?
A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand
what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of MONOMER
POLYMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE ?
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups
that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the
monomers that make up the necklace?
A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand
what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of MONOMER
POLYMER
A TRAIN THE CARS
A NECKLACE EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups
that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the
monomers that make up the necklace?
Now you and a buddy
need to think of at least 2 other

analogies for a polymer and its
monomers.
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
organic
• Macromolecules are large organic

molecules.
molecules
Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell (valence electrons).
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.

N
• Example: CH4(methane)
Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
POLYMERS
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERS.
MONOMERS
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Question:
How Are
Macromolecules
Formed?
Process is called Polymerization
aka Dehydration Synthesis
• Forms polymers by combining

monomers through “removing
water”.
HO H HO H
H2O
HO H
Question:
How are
Macromolecules
separated or
digested?
Answer: Hydrolysis
• Separates monomers by “adding

water”
HO H
H2O
HO H HO H
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules up to

large sugar molecules.
molecules
• Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
(monomer)
Comes in a 1:2:1 ratio
Examples: glucose (C
( 6H12O6)
deoxyribose ribose
glucose Fructose Galactose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar units
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose glucose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose glucose glucose glucose

cellulose
glucose glucose glucose glucose
Carbohydrates
Structure:
Glucose
Functions of
Carbohydrates
• Immediate energy
• Structure for cell membranes in plants
Lipids
Lipids
• General term for compounds which are not soluble
in water.
water
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
solvents
• Remember: “stores the most energy”
• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
30
Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1.Great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
2.They INSULATE the body to protect against heat loss
3.CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
4.They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
(chemical messengers)
5.They WATERPROOF surfaces of animals & plants—waxy
coating on fruit, ear wax.
6.Major component of MEMBRANES (phospholipids)
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Lipids
Monomer: Triglycerides
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
acids
H O
=
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
=
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O fatty acids
=
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =C
H- C
H H-
2 C
H-
2 C
H-
2 C
glycerol H-
2 C
H
3
Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food
labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

O
=
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
=
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH
-CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -CH
2 -C H
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Proteins
Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Monomer: Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
polypeptides
• Six functions of proteins:

1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Secondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structure into coils and pleats
held together by hydrogen bonds.
bonds
• Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
Tertiary Structure
• Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet

Quaternary Structure
• Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
• Globular in shape
• Form in Aqueous environments
• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunits
Nucleic
Acids
Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-
double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Monomers: Nucleic acids are
composed of long chains of nucleotides
linked by dehydration synthesis.
synthesis
Nucleic acids
• Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C
1
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3copyright cmassengale
C2 44
5
DNA
O
- double helix
3
3
O
P 5 P
5
O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3
O
5
P 3 P

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Macromolecules

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

need to think of at least 2 other

• Macromolecules are large organic

• Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.

• Forms polymers by combining

• Separates monomers by “adding

• Small sugar molecules up to

glucose glucose glucose glucose

glucose glucose glucose glucose

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

• Six functions of proteins:

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Beta Pleated Sheet

Beta Pleated Sheet

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