Smoking: It's Effects on

Heart Disease and the Body

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 Facts about smoking
 1/3rd of world population-Smoker
– Males: > 1 billion
– Females: > 250 million
 Industrialized Countries
– % of Male smokers: 50%
– % of Female smokers 22%
 Developing countries
– Males 35%
– Females 9%

(Source: World Health Report)

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 Facts about smoking
 Three million deaths annually because of
smoking – means one death after every 8
seconds.
 Ten million deaths annually expected by
2020 - means one death after every three
seconds.
 Developed countries have reduced
smoking by 10% while developing
countries have increased by 60% after
1970. 3
Study of smoking in
RMC students(2001)
 Total No. of students; 182
– Male: 68
– Females: 114
 Smokers:
– Males: 18%
– Females: 7%
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Types of tobacco smoking
 Cigarette - Most common and most harmful
 Sheesha
 Bidi
 Tobacco chewing
 Hookah(Hubble bubble)
 Cigar
 Kreteks(clove cigarettes)
 Snuff – Moist & Dry
 E-cigarette 5
 Causes of smoking
Usually the adolescents (mostly of 10-15
yrs) indulge in smoking as a result of
– curiosity,
– adventurism,
– rebelliousness and adulthood,
– a manly and masculine act that will lead them to
happiness, fitness, wealth, power and sexual
success.
– Attractive advertisements influence the
immature and unstable minds.
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Composition of tobacco
 About 4000 toxic substances are
present in tobacco

 Most important and dangerous

constituents:
– Nicotine
– Carbon Monoxide
– Tar
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 Effects of Nicotine
 Smokers have to maintain a level of
nicotine in the blood for normal
working.

 Smokers have to smoke to avoid the

discomfort experienced while not
smoking.
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 Consequences of smoking
 Economic loss
 Health loss

 Socio-cultural loss

 Psychological loss

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Smoking and Diseases
 An important causative/risk factor for various
diseases.
 About 25 diseases caused/aggravated by
smoking. e.g.
– Lung cancer: 80-90% deaths due to smoking.
Incidence 10 times more than non-smokers.
– Chronic bronchitis
– Emphysema: 80- 95%
– Ischaemic heart disease: 20-30% deaths . Risk is
twice than non-smokers
– Obstructive peripheral vascular disease
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 Smoking and diseases
 Cerebrovascular disease
 Cancer of tongue, oesophagus, larynx &
pancreas, Gastro-duodenal ulcers
 Cancer of the cervix and endometrium
 Cancer of the urinary bladder
 Still births, abortions
 Neonatal deaths
 Fracture of hip, wrist and vertebrae
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 Types of Heart
Disease:
 There are several types of heart disease.
 The major types are coronary artery disease
(atherosclerosis), coronary, rheumatic, congenital,
myocarditis, angina, and arrythmia heart disease.
 One of the simplest ways to prevent heart disease
is to avoid smoking.
 Smoking isn’t the only cause of heart disease but
smoking is often a factor in the development of
heart disease, among many other serious diseases.
 How does smoking
cause heart disease?
 Smoking increases the tendency for
blood to clot; it increases blood
pressure; it decreases exercise
tolerance; it also increases the risk of
heart disease after bypass surgery.
 Smoking causes heart disease mainly
by affecting the cholesterol levels in
your body, and also by hindering blood
circulation.
 How does smoking
affect cholesterol?
 When you smoke, it lowers HDL
(good) cholesterol levels and
increases LDL (bad) cholesterol levels,
as well as increasing triglycerides.
This negatively impacts cholesterol
levels which have a direct correlation
with coronary artery disease
(atherosclerosis).
 Smoking and Coronary
Artery Disease
 They type of heart disease caused by smoking is coronary
artery disease (aka atherosclerosis). Smoking speeds up
the process of coronary artery disease by damaging the
cells that line the blood vessels and heart. Studies show
that this will eventually lead to a heart attack.
 Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response in the
walls of the arteries caused by the accumulation of white
blood cells and the inadequate removal of fats and
cholesterols.
 It is caused by the forming of plaques within the arteries
and is commonly referred to as the “hardening” of the
arteries.
 How does smoking affect
circulation?
 Smoking increases the risk of forming blood clots
which can cause serious circulation problems.
Smoking also clogs the arteries due to a build up of
fat deposits. Due to the clots and clogs, the heart has
a harder time and requires more oxygen.
 When blood clots build up and block the arteries, a
heart attack will occur.
 Another condition related to circulation and found only
in smokers is Buerger’s disease. This is when
circulation to the fingers or toes stops completely,
causing gangrene. Because of the gangrene, the
affected digits must be promptly amputated.
 Risk factors for
Cardiovascular Disease:
 Cigarette and tobacco smoke, high blood
cholesterol, high blood pressure, physical
inactivity, obesity, and diabetes are the major
independent risk factors for heart disease.
 Each of these can be modified or controlled,
therefore making them preventable.
 Though it can be hard to quit smoking,
persistence and a strong desire to change
can help someone to stop and help them to
prevent heart disease.
 Harmful Chemicals in
Cigarettes:
 There are over 4,000 chemicals inside a cigarette.
 The two most harmful chemicals are nicotine and
carbon monoxide.
 Nicotine: causes addiction, speeds up the heart, raises
blood pressure, and constricts the arteries.
 Carbon monoxide: robs the heart of oxygen, and when
combined with nicotine it increases blood clotting and
clogging.
 Carcinogens found in cigarettes cause heart disease
because they get absorbed into the blood, contaminate
the blood, and the contaminated blood is them pumped
through the heart.
 Harmful Chemicals in
Cigarettes:
(continued…)
 Hazardous substances in cigarettes damage the
walls of our blood vessels and the endothelial cells
(which inhibit blood clotting inside the blood
vessels). When these cells are damaged,
cholesterol and fat accumulate under the
endothelial layer which causes the vessels to
swell. The swelling narrows the lumen of the blood
vessel, therefore decreasing the blood supply to
the area which that blood vessel was supplying. If
that area is the heart, the swelling of the vessel
can cause an obstruction or a clot which will lead
directly to a heart attack.
Occupational Hazards & Smoking

Effect of smoking in the presence

of pollutants like asbestos, cotton,
radioactive environment is either
multiplicative or additive.

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 Smoking during pregnancy

 Foetal retardation and growth

retardation in the children.

 Children of smokers are more prone

to become smokers later on.

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 Effects of Second Hand
(Passive) Smoking(SHS)
 Children
– Sudden infant death
– Respiratory distress
– Otitis media
 Adults
– Leads to discomfort, distress to asthmatics
– Nicotine is detected in blood and urine of passive
smokers.
– Passive smoking by adults may lead to Ca-cervix,
CA lung, and coronary heart disease. 22
 Treatment
 Drugs
– Nicotine replacement therapy
 Patches

 Gums

 Nasal sprays
 Inhalers

 E-cigarettes

– Hypnotics
 Group therapy 23
 Treatment
Real Treatment is by
 Motivation

 Commitment

 Determination and

 Effort and support in the struggle to

quit smoking.
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 Preventive measures
 Recommendations of WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) should
be implemented.
 Govt.’s responsibility for implementation of
recommendations and legislation.
 Ascertain the existence of smoking as health
problem.
 Encourage not to start smoking.
 Encourage to stop smoking.
 Multi-sectoral approach. 25
 Preventive measures
 Anti-smoking health education to general
public but special emphasis to focus on
children and to the occupational groups.
 Highlighting the positive effects of NOT

smoking and QUITING smoking.

 Awareness for the rights of non-smokers.

 Legislative action

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THANK YOU
FOR NOT
SMOKING
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