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1. Should easily spread over the hair.
2. Produce a rich, creamy lather and stable
foam which easily rinsed out with water.
3. After drying, the hair should be left in
lustrous condition and easily manageable.
4. Surfactant level must be relatively high 10-
20%.
5. Viscosity at least 2000 cps
6. Must exhibit low skin and eye irritation.
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1. If they used with hard water or low pH,
they leave the hair with dull, tacky coating.
2. Soap solutions are alkaline, causing
roughening of scales of the cuticle, giving
rise to dullness and fly effect.
(Amine soap gives neutral solutions).
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The alkyl and alkyl ether sulfate represent two most widely
used classes of surfactant for the formulation of shampoos.
1. Alkyl sulphates
C12H25O.SO3 Na+ → SLS
C12H25O.SO3HN(CH2CH2OH)3 → TLS
They are usually mixture,C12 lauryl, C14 myristyl,
C16 cetyl, C18 stearyl.
Coconut oil contains 50% each of C12 and C14.
Lauryl produces the most lather and myristyl the richest
lather.
٭alkyl sulphate clean the hair well, and leave it shiny, but they
tend to strip the hair, leaving it unmanageable.
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2. Ether sulphates
C12H25 (OCH2CH2)n O.SO3Na +
Foaming potential decreases with the increase of
the number of (OCH2CH2) group, while mildness
and solubility increases.
They are generally more soluble than alkyl
sulphates.
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Cationic surfactant in shampoo formulations is more limited than
that of surfactant classes.
They are not as effective detergents due to their ability to strongly
bind to hair’s negatively charge surface, and not efficiently removed
during rinsing.
Cetrimide is an example
CH3
|
C16H33 ― N+ ― CH3 Br–
|
CH3
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Shampoos containing only one of the previous
types of detergents tends to be harsh, and it’s
therefore necessary to add an auxiliary
detergent, usually weak detergents which:
2. Amine oxide
Are prepared by the oxidation of tertiary amines with
hydrogen peroxide. They are best known for their ability
to enhance foam characteristic, and provide thick,
creamy, more stable lather at moderately acidic pH.
CH3
|
CH3 (CH2)11 ― N → O
|
CH3
e.g. Lauryldimethylamine oxide
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Ampholytes (Amphotrics)
- They have very low irritation potential and are almost completely non-
stinging to the eyes.
1. Viscosity modifiers
- Auxiliary detergents and conditioning polymers can provide a
thickening effect to a shampoo.
- Salts increase viscosity of detergent solutions, NaCl 1-2%,
Ammonium chloride at pH well below 7 to avoid liberation of
ammonia, salting out mechanism (bell-shaped curve).
- Cellulose derivatives (0.5-1.5%)
2. Weak organic acids
A shampoo having the same pH as hair would do the least damage.
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3. Opacifiers
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PITYROSPORUM OVALE
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ANTI DANDRUFF AGENT
1.ZINC PYRITHRONE
2.RESORCINOL
3.SALICYLIC ACID
4.SELENIUM DISULPHIDE
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Treatment of head lice include
1.organochlorines (lindane),
2.organophosphates (malathion),
3.carbamates (carbaryl),
4. pyrethrins (pyrethrum),
5.pyrethroids (permethrin, phenothrin,
bioallethrin),
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Shampoo formulations are classified into four
basic functions:
Cleaning, mild (or baby), conditioning, and
antidandruff.
٭Mild or baby shampoos is required to allow only
minimal eye, scalp, and skin irritant.
They often contain mild surfactant systems,
such as nonionics and amphotrics.
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Cleansing shampoo
Ingredient %
Ammonium lauryl sulfate 15
Cocamide DEA 2
Cocamidopropyl betain 2
Fragrance 0.7
Preservative 0.5
Citric acid 0.3
Ammonium chloride 0.2
Color 0.001
Water q.s
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Baby shampoo
Ingredient %
PEG-80 sorbitan 12
laurate
Sodium trideceth 5
sulfate
Sodium 5
lauroamphoacetate
PEG-120 methyl 2
glucose dioleate
Cocamidopropyl 1
hydroxysultaine
Fragrance 0.7
Preservative 0.5
Color 0.01
Water q.s
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Does hair need conditioner?
Conditioners are formulated to impart conditioning to
hair, for example; improve combing, softness, and
manageability, in addition to the usual cleaning
benefits.
Physical damaging effect:
♦ Wind, weather, ultraviolet radiation, brushing and
combing.
Chemical damaging effects:
1. Shampoos which remove natural lipids
2. Dyeing require preliminary bleaching
3. Bleaching with alkaline hydrogen peroxide
Drastic treatment which cause severe weakening of
the hair fibers and loss of elasticity
4. Permanent waving
Where peroxide and thioglycollate attack the
disulphide and peptide bonds of keratin.
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Conditioning term is difficult to define
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Oil adheres to hair fibers → body + luster +
lubrication
Excessive greasiness can be overcome by applying
the lipid in the form of diluted O/W emulsion and
by using high melting point lipids, such as
cetostearyl alcohol.
Vegetable oil, lanolin and its soluble derivatives
(POE or quaternaries), synthetic esters, sebum
substitutes, Octyl stearates and Squalene
Silicones have high refractive indices, and are
therefore good luster producing compounds.
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Keratin contains more acid groups than basic groups,
and therefore tend to attract positively charged molecules
and ions.
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Proteins are actually mixture of:
1.Proteins
2.polypeptides
3.peptide
4.amino acids
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Cosmetic process without protein with protein
Bleaching Cuticle removed Cuticle intact
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Ingredient concentration %
Primary surfactant 12-20
Dimethicone 0.5-3
Miscellaneous q.s
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