Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
to Teaching L2 Reading:
From the Bottom-Up
Heidi Hyte
Brigham Young University
heidi_hyte@byu.edu
heidi@readinghorizons.com
Webinar Objectives
• Provide examples of bottom-up, top-down,
and interactive strategies for teaching L2
reading.
• Provide practical methodology and
approaches to teaching bottom-up strategies
in L2 reading.
• Offer rationale for the role of students’
phonemic awareness.
• Offer rationale for the use of explicit,
systematic bottom-up strategies instruction.
What is reading?
Anderson, N. J. (2003). Exploring Skills: Reading. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Practical English Language Teaching (pp.
67-86). New York: McGraw-Hill.
What is strategic reading?
What is strategic reading?
Anderson, N. J. (2003). Exploring Skills: Reading. In D. Nunan (Ed.), Practical English Language Teaching (pp.
67-86). New York: McGraw-Hill.
What is the goal of reading?
Comprehension
Factors that influence
reading comprehension:
Factors that influence
reading comprehension:
• The reader
• The text
• Interaction between the reader and the text:
– Strategies
– Schema
– Purpose for reading
– Manner of reading
• Fluency
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language
classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Models of Reading
• Bottom-up processing (decoding)
• Top-down processing
• Interactive approach
Bottom-up Processing
Nunes, T. (1999). Learning to read: An integrated view from research and practice. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
Kluwer.
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Top-down
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up Top-down
Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up Top-down
strategies strategies
(“phonics” (“whole language”
approach) approach)
________________ ________________
Examples: Examples:
• decoding • using background
• using capitalization knowledge
to infer proper nouns • predicting
• graded reader Bottom-up Top-down • guessing the
approach meaning of unknown
• pattern recognition words from context
• skimming/scanning
Models of Reading: Application
Top-down processing
C – a, o, u K – i, e
cat kid
cob Ken
cup kin
can keg
Models of Reading: Application
Bottom-up processing
The kenlig coddlers canly kimpled in the cumpy kebs.
When do you spell words with a C or a K?
• kenlig
• coddlers
• canly
• kimpled
• cumpy
• kebs
Top-down Strategies: Application
“Jabberwocky”
By Lewis Carroll
(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872)
Top-down Strategies: Application
“Jabberwocky”
By Lewis Carroll
(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872)
wabe
brillig
Bottom-up (Decoding) Strategies:
Framework of Phonics:
42 sounds
5 phonetic skills
2 decoding skills
Five Phonetic Skills
*
1. met X
Five Phonetic Skills
* *
2. jump
X
Five Phonetic Skills
3. me X
Five Phonetic Skills
4. smileX X
Five Phonetic Skills
5. boatX X
Five Phonetic Skills
*
1. met X
* *
2. jump
X
3. me X
4. smile X X
5. boatX X
Five Phonetic Skills
How do you decode this word?
wabe
Five Phonetic Skills
How do you decode this word?
wabe X X
Decoding Skill #1
motel
Decoding Skill #1
1. moX 3. mote
X X
*
2. mot
X
4. motel
X X
Decoding Skill #1
motel
X X
provide
X X X
campus
X X
brillig
Decoding Skill #2
How do you decode this word?
brillig
X X
Bottom-up Strategies: Application
wabe
brillig
The role of phonemic awareness
Birch, Barbara M. (2002). English L2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Publishers.
The role of phonemic awareness
Why is it important for ESL/EFL readers?
Carrell, P. (1993). Introduction: Interactive approaches to second language reading. In P. Carrell, J. Devine,
& D. Eskey (Eds.), Interactive approaches to second language reading (pp. 1-7). Cambridge, England:
ambridge University Press.
Sources
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for
second language classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Birch, B. M, (2002). English L2 Reading: Getting to the Bottom. Mahwah, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eskey, D. (1993). Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach to the language problems of
second language readers. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds.), Interactive
approaches to second language reading (pp. 93-100). Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Nunes, T. (1999). Learning to read: An integrated view from research and practice. Dordrecht,
The Netherlands: Kluwer.