GD & T

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

 GD&T
 Engineering drawings are expected to convey a complete
description of every detail of a part.

 Dimensions – convey part size

 Tolerances – convey precision

 Dimensioning and Tolerancing of a part implies information

critical to the manufacturer of a part, which affects the choice
of process to be used , tooling to be used , fixtures and
Fixture location and machines required to produces a part.
 Definitions for GD&T
 Means of specifying engineering design and drawing
requirements w.r.t actual functions and relationship of part
features.
 A system of drawing which supplements the traditional
techniques with specifications that permit uniformity and
convenience in the interpretation of drawings(ANSI & ISO
Standards)
 A std throughout the world and language of symbols.
 A system of building blocks for good drawing practice which
provides the means of stating necessary dimensional or
tolerance requirements on the drawing not otherwise covered
by implication or standard interpretation.
 Guidelines for GD&T

•Uses symbols to specify geometric characteristics

and dimensional requirements
•Current GD&T standard: ANSI/ASME Y14.5M-1994
•Symbols for:
•Form and profile tolerances
•Orientation tolerances
•Location tolerances
•Run out tolerances
Geometric Characteristics
 General Approach of GD&T
(ASME Y14.5M-1994)
GD&T controls:

 deviations of position and form (shape) from ideal,

for particular features.

 relationships between features such as

concentricity of cylinders
 Geometric Attributes
 Max. Material Condition

 Min. Material Condition

 Regardless of Feature Size – RFS

 Basic Dimension

 Datum

 Feature &

 Feature Control Frame

Example of GD&T
GD&T Feature Control Frame
 GD&T Material Modifier
 Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
(symbol M)

 Least Material Condition (LMC)

(symbol L)

 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

(symbol S, only condition in ISO)

Control relationship between positional tolerance and feature

size
 Maximum material Condition
 Most common modifier in US drawings.

 Used to guarantee absence of material or assemblability.

 Tolerance specified applies at the MMC,

(smallest hole or largest shaft).

 Diameter of position tolerance circle is increased in step

with increase in hole diameter (decrease in shaft diameter)
from this condition
 MMC in the Example
If actual hole diameter is:
10.00 - 0.10 = 9.90 mm (the MMC)
positional tolerance circle would have the stated value of
0.08 mm

With largest acceptable hole of diameter:

10.00+ 0.10 = 10.10 mm (the LMC)
positional tolerance circle increases to:
0.08 + 0.20 = 0.28
 Least Material Condition (LMC)
 This modifier is much less common. It is used to guarantee
presence of material or part interaction.

 The tolerance specified applies with the largest hole (or

smallest shaft).

 The tolerance is increased in step with decrease in hole

diameter (increase in shaft diameter) from this condition.
 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
 This is the only condition used by the ISO.

 The tolerance is always the same (as stated in the

feature control box).

 Not as useful as the MMC and LMC conditions.

 In the US, certain tolerances such as those dealing with

concentricity, run-out and symmetry can only be
specified using RFS.
 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
 This is the only condition used by the ISO.

 The tolerance is always the same (as stated in the

feature control box).

 Not as useful as the MMC and LMC conditions.

 In the US, certain tolerances such as those dealing with

concentricity, run-out and symmetry can only be
specified using RFS.
GD&T – Datum Surfaces and Features
DIMENSIONING
DIMENSIONING
DIMENSIONING-NOTES

DIMENSIONING-CHAMFERS
 Tolerancing
 Definition :
 The total amount by which a specific dimension is
permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference
between the maximum and minimum limits
 For example: a dimension given as 1.625 +/- .002
means
 that the manufactured part may be 1.627” or 1.623”
 or anywhere between these limit dimensions

 The tolerance, or total amount of variation

“tolerated,” is .004
 General Tolerancing Rules
 All Tolerancing limits are considered to be absolute.
 i.e.,
1.22 = 1.22000…0
1.20 = 1.20000…0

 All Dimensions and Tolerances are understood to apply at 68

degrees Fahrenheit.

 The system of tolerances does not necessarily require the use

of any particular method of production.
 Tolerance of Form

Straightness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1) Flatness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)

Cylindricity
Circularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
 Straightness (Flat
Surfaces)
0.5 0.1

25 +/-0.25

0.1 Tolerance

0.5 Tolerance

Straightness is the condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a

straight line
 Flatness
0.1

25 +/-0.25

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

24.75 min 25.25 max

Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. Flatness
must fall within the limits of size. The flatness tolerance must be less than the size
tolerance.
 Circularity (Roundness)

0.1

90
0.1
90

0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone

Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface intersected by
any plane perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that axis. The
circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance
 Cylindricity

0.1

0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC

Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are

equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which
includes circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
 Tolerance of Orientation

Perpendicularity
Angularity

(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2) (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)

Parallelism

(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)

 Angularity (Feature Surface to
Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A

30 o

A
19.5 min 20.5 max

30 o 30 o

0.3 Wide 0.3 Wide

A Tolerance Zone
A Tolerance Zone

Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a specified angle (other
than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
 Angularity (Feature Axis to Datum
Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 A

0.3 Circular Tolerance

0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone
Zone

60 o

A A

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90
degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
 Perpendicularity (Feature Axis to Datum
Surface)
0.3 Diameter Tolerance
Zone

NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature

at RFS
0.3 Circular Tolerance
C
Zone 0.3 Circular Tolerance
Zone
0.3 C

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum
reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
 Parallelism (Feature Surface to Datum
Surface)

0.3 A

25 +/-0.5

A
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

25.5 max 24.5 min

A A

Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface equidistant at all points
from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
 Tolerances of Runout

Circular Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1)

Total Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
 Features Applicable to Runout
Tolerancing
Internal surfaces constructed
around a datum axis

External surfaces
constructed around a datum Angled surfaces
axis constructed around a
Datum axis (established from datum axis
datum feature

Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a datum axis
Datum feature
 Circular Runout (Angled Surface
to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A

50 +/-0.25

50 o+/- 2 o
As Shown
on Drawing

Means This: The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to
the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position
Allowable indicator reading = normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the
0.75 max. part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit
( Full Indicator
Movement ) is applied independently to each individual measuring position
0 along the feature surface.
- +

Collet or Chuck
When measuring circular runout, the
indicator must be reset when
repositioned along the feature surface. Datum axis A

360 oPart Rotation

NOTE: Circular runout in this example only controls the 2-

Single circular element dimensional circular elements (circularity and coaxiality) of the
angled feature surface not the entire angled feature surface
 Total Runout (Angled Surface to Datum Axis)

0.75 A
A

50 +/-0.25

50 o+/- 2 o
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This: The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is equal to the total
allowable movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true
When measuring total runout, the indicator must geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated
not be reset when repositioned along the feature
about the datum axis and the indicator is moved along the entire
surface.
0
length of the feature surface.
- +

0 Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.

- +
(applies to the entire feature surface)

Collet or Chuck

Full Part Datum axis A

Rotation
NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout will provide 3-
dimensional composite control of the cumulative variations of
circularity, coaxiality, angularity, taper and profile of the angled
 Tolerances of Profile

Profile of a Line

(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)

Profile of a Surface

(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)

 Profile of a Line
20 X 20
A1 B
20 X 20
A3

20 X 20
A2

1 A B C

17 +/- 1

A
1 Wide Profile Tolerance
2 Wide Size Tolerance
Zone
Zone
18 Max

16 Min.

The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel lines oriented
with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to
float within the larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and orientation
of any individual line element along the entire surface.

Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in situations
where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is not required or desired. The
tolerance applies to the line element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the
drawing.
 Profile of a Surface
20 X 20
A1 B
20 X 20
A3

20 X 20
A2

C 2 A B C

23.5

A
2 Wide Tolerance Zone Size, Form
and Orientation

23.5 Nominal
Location

The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect
to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that
enables the part surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature.

Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in

situations where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is desired. The tolerance
applies to the entire surface and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation of a
feature surface.
 Setting Tolerances
 Unilateral: The tolerance is applied in one direction, the
other value is zero.

 Bilateral: The tolerance is applied in both directions from

the nominal.
 Why use GD & T
 Improves Communication
It allows engineering to more accurately define the
design intent.

Drawings are easier to read

It minimizes the need for ambiguous drawing notes

GD & T is understood internationally

With the basic GD& T education, the GD&T is symbolic language is understood by
engineering, manufacturing , quality control, inspection, buyers and programmers.

The supplier can give a more accurate bid so because GD&T is very definitive

It gives company legal protection from drawing misinterpretation.

 Why use GD & T Contd…..

 Improves Company Yields

 GD increases productivity because
 Communication is increased
 Tolerance zone becomes larger when manufactured at a
size other than the MMC
 Functional gauges can be used

 GD & T minimizes the rejection, rework and scrappage

of parts.
 GD & T is more compatible with CAD/CAM/CIM.
 Because of the bonus tolerance, manufacturing has the
ability to produce the parts at a lower cost.
 Why use GD & T Contd…..

 GD & T meets the requirements of the ISO 9000

 Supplier are able to lower their bids.

 GD & T lowers the product cost

thank you