Cont.

Biostatistics

Dr. Naresh Manandhar

Associate Professor
Department of Community
Medicine
 Definition of Statistics

Collection
Presentation
Analysis and
Interpretation
Measure of central tendency
 Measure of central tendency
Measure of central value around which
all other observation will scatter and
that value will be representative of
whole observations
 Measure of central tendency
Measure of central value around which
all other observation will scatter and
that value will be representative of
whole observations
Objectives:
 Measure of central tendency
Measure of central value around which
all other observation will scatter and
that value will be representative of
whole observations
Objectives:
1. To find out single value that represents
the entire data
 Measure of central tendency
Measure of central value around which
all other observation will scatter and
that value will be representative of
whole observations
Objectives:
1. To find out single value that represents
the entire data
2. To facililate comparison between
groups and similar nature data
Measures of central tendency are
Measures of central tendency are
1. Mean or Arithmetic mean
Measures of central tendency are
1. Mean or Arithmetic mean
2. Median
Measures of central tendency are
1. Mean or Arithmetic mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Mean or Arithmetic mean
 Mean or Arithmetic mean
Sum of all observation values
divided by number of observation
 Mean or Arithmetic mean
Sum of all observation values
divided by number of observation
Let x1, x2, x3,……xn be the n
number of observations
 Mean or Arithmetic mean
Sum of all observation values
divided by number of observation
Let x1, x2, x3,……xn be the n
number of observations
Mean(x) = (x1+x2+x3+…..+xn)
n
 Mean or Arithmetic mean
Sum of all observation values
divided by number of observation
Let x1, x2, x3,……xn be the n
number of observations
Mean(x) = (x1+x2+x3+…..+xn)
n
5,6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
5,6,8,6,9
 5,6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
5,6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
 5,6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
Merits
 5, 6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
Merits
1. Well-defined
 5, 6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
 5, 6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
3. Based on all observations
 5,6,8,6,9
X =(5+6+8+6+9)/5
=34/5
=6.8
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
3. Based on all observations
4. Used for further mathematical
treatment
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
X =(5+6+8+6+12)/5
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
X =(5+6+8+6+12)/5 =37/5
=7.4
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
X =(5+6+8+6+12)/5 =37/5
=7.4
2. Can not be predict graphically
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
X =(5+6+8+6+12)/5 =37/5
=7.4
2. Can not be predict graphically
3. Some times look ridiculous
Demerit
1. Affected by extreme values
5,6,8,6,9=12
X =(5+6+8+6+12)/5 =37/5 =7.4
2. Can not be predict graphically
3. Some times look ridiculous
4. Can not be use for qualitative data
Median
 Median
It is the central value which divides
the series into two equal half after
arranging the observations in
order of magnitude.
 Median
It is the central value which divides
the series into two equal half after
arranging the observations in
order of magnitude.
To compute median:
 Median
It is the central value which divides
the series into two equal half after
arranging the observations in
order of magnitude.
To compute median:
First arrange the observation
values in ascending or descending
order .
 Median
It is the central value which divides
the series into two equal half after
arranging the observations in order
of magnitude.
To compute median:
First arrange the observation values
in ascending or descending order .
Median=(n+1)/2th term
For odd number of observations:
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
5,6,8,6,9
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
5,6,8,6,9
Arrange in Ascending order
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
5,6,8,6,9
Arrange in Ascending order
5,6, 6, 8, 9
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
5,6,8,6,9
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 9
For odd number of observations:
Median = Central value
5,6,8,6,9
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 9
Median=6
For even number of observations:
For even number of observations:
Median = Average of central
two observation
For even number of observations:
Median = Average of central
two observation

5, 6, 8, 6, 9 8,
Arrange in Ascending order
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Merits
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Merits
1. Well-defined
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
3. Not Affected by extreme values
Arrange in Ascending order
5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Median= (6+8)/2 = 7
Merits
1. Well-defined
2. Easy to calculate
3. Not Affected by extreme values
4. Can be predict graphically
Demerit
 Demerit
1.Not based on all observation
 Demerit
1.Not based on all observation
2.Not used for further
mathematical treatment
 Demerit
1.Not based on all observation
2.Not used for further
mathematical treatment
3. Can not be use for
qualitative data
Mode
 Mode
It is the value which is
repeated / occurred maximum
number of time in the series.
 Mode
It is the value which is
repeated / occurred maximum
number of time in the series.
5, 6, 6, 8, 9
 Mode
It is the value which is
repeated / occurred maximum
number of time in the series.
5, 6, 6, 8, 9

Mode =6
Merits of Mode
Merits of Mode
1. Not Affected by extreme
values
Merits of Mode
1. Not Affected by extreme
values
2. Can be predicted graphically
Merits of Mode
1. Not Affected by extreme
values
2. Can be predicted graphically
3. Can be used for qualitative
data
Demerit of Mode
Demerit of Mode
1. Ill-defined
Demerit of Mode
1. ill-defined
2. Sometimes difficult to calculate
Demerit of Mode
1. ill-defined
2. Sometimes difficult to calculate
5,6, 6, 8, 8, 9
Demerit of Mode
1. ill-defined
2. Sometimes difficult to calculate
5,6, 6, 8, 8, 9
3. Not based on all observation
Demerit of Mode
1. ill-defined
2. Sometimes difficult to calculate
5,6, 6, 8, 8, 9
3. Not based on all observation
4. Not used for further
mathematical treatment
For discrete series
 For discrete series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x)/ Σ f
x
 For discrete series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x)/ Σ f
x

For Median,
 For discrete series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x)/ Σ f
x

For Median,
1. Find the position of median from
(N+1)/2
 For discrete series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x)/ Σ f
x

For Median,
1. Find the position of median from
(N+1)/2
2. Compute cumulative frequency
 For discrete series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x)/ Σ f
x

For Median,
1. Find the position of median from
(N+1)/2
2. Compute cumulative frequency
3. Find the cumulative frequency
which is equal or just greater than
(N+1)/2
Median
Median= variable value
corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just
greater than (N+1)/2
Median= variable value
corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just
greater than (N+1)/2

Mode
Median= variable value
corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just
greater than (N+1)/2

Mode
Mode= variable value having
highest frequency
 Calculation for discrete series
X f
6 12
7 16
8 10
9 8
10 4
 
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX 72
6 12 72 40
7 16 112  
8 10 80
9 8
10 4
 
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX 72
6 12 72 40
7 16 112  
8 10 80 X=Σfx/Σf
9 8
10 4
 
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX 40
6 12 72  
7 16 112 X=Σfx/Σf
8 10 80 =376/50
9 8 72 =7.52
10 4
 
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX =7.52
6 12 72 Cum. freq
7 16 112 12
8 10 80 28
9 8 72 38
10 4 40 46
    50
X=Σfx/Σf
=376/50
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX Cum. freq
6 12 72 12
7 16 112 28
8 10 80 38
9 8 72 46
10 4 40 50
  X=Σfx/Σf  
X=Σfx/Σf (N+1)/2
=376/50 =(50+1)/2
=25.5
=7.52
 Calculation for discrete series
X f fX Cum. freq
6 12 72 12
7 16 112 28
8 10 80 38
9 8 72 46
10 4 40 50
  X=Σfx/Σf  
X=Σfx/Σf (N+1)/2
=376/50 =(50+1)/2
=25.5
=7.52
For continuous series
 For continuous series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x x)/ Σ f, where x is mid value
of class interval
 For continuous series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x x)/ Σ f, where x is mid value
of class interval
For Median,
 For continuous series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x x)/ Σ f, where x is mid value
of class interval
For Median,
1. Find the position of median from N/2
 For continuous series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x x)/ Σ f, where x is mid value
of class interval
For Median,
1. Find the position of median from N/2
2. Compute cumulative frequency
 For continuous series
Mean(x)= Σ (f x x)/ Σ f, where x is mid value
of class interval
For Median,
1. Find the position of median from N/2
2. Compute cumulative frequency
3. Find the cumulative frequency which is
equal or just greater than N/2
For Median
For Median
Median class
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Where l- lower limit of Median class
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Where l- lower limit of Median class
N= Σf
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Where l- lower limit of Median class
N= Σf
c.f. - cumulative frequency
preceding the Median class
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Where l- lower limit of Median class
N= Σf
c.f. - cumulative frequency
preceding the Median class
f- frequency of Median class
Median class= class corresponds to cumulative
frequency which is equal or just greater than
N/2
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
Where l- lower limit of Median class
N= Σf
c.f. - cumulative frequency
preceding the Median class
f- frequency of Median class
h – size of Median class
Mode
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Where l- lower limit of Mode
class
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Where l- lower limit of Mode class
f0 - preceding the Mode class
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Where l- lower limit of Mode class
f0 - preceding the Mode class
f1- frequency of Mode class
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Where l- lower limit of Mode class
f0 - preceding the Mode class
f1- frequency of Mode class
f2 - succeeding the Mode class
Mode
For mode find mode class
Mode Class= Class having the
highest frequency
Mode = = l +(f1 - f0 ) x h
2f1 -f0 - f2
Where l- lower limit of Mode class
f0 - preceding the Mode class
f1- frequency of Mode class
f2 - succeeding the Mode class
h – size of Mode class
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight
10-20 f
20-30 12
30-40 16
40-50 10
50-60  8
4
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight f Midval(X)
10-20 12 15
20-30 16 25
30-40 10 35
40-50 8 45
50-60  4 55
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight f X fX 360
10-20 12 15 180 220
20-30 16 25 400  
30-40 10 35 350
40-50 8 45
50-60  4 55
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight f X fX  X=Σfx/Σf
10-20 12 15 180 =1510/50
20-30 16 25 400 =30.2
30-40 10 35 350
40-50 8 45 360
50-60  4 55 220
X=Σfx/Σf 
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight f X fX Cum. freq
10-20 12 15 180 12
20-30 16 25 400 28
30-40 10 35 350 38
40-50 8 45 360 46
50-60  4 55 220 50
 X=Σfx/Σf
=1510/50
=30.2
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight fX Cum. freq
10-20 f 180 12
20-30 12 X 400 28
30-40 16 15 350 38
40-50 10 25 360 46
50-60  8 35 220 50
4 45  
X=Σfx/Σf  55 X=Σfx/Σf N+1/2
=1510/50 =(50+1)/2
=30.2 =25.5
 Calculation for continuous series
Weight fX Cum. freq
10-20 f 180 12
20-30 12 X 400 28
30-40 16 15 350 38
40-50 10 25 360 46
50-60  8 35 220 50
4 45  
X=Σfx/Σf  55 X=Σfx/Σf N+1/2
=1510/50 =(50+1)/2
=30.2 =25.5
Calculation of Median
 Calculation of Median
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
 Calculation of Median
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
l=20, N/2=25, C.F.=12, h=10, f=16
 Calculation of Median
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
l=20, N/2=25, C.F.=12, h=10, f=16
Median= 20 + (25-12)x10/16
 Calculation of Median
Median= l + (N/2 - c.f.) x h
f
l=20, N/2=25, C.F.=12, h=10, f=16
Median= 20 + (25-12)x10/16
= 28.125
Mode Calculation for continuous series
Weight fX Cum. freq
10-20 f 180 12
20-30 12 X 400 28
30-40 16 15 350 38
40-50 10 25 360 46
50-60  8 35 220 50
4 45  
X=Σfx/Σf  55 X=Σfx/Σf N+1/2
=1510/50 =(50+1)/2
=30.2 =25.5
 Mode Calculation for continuous
series
Weight fX Cum. freq
10-20 f 180 12
20-30 12 X 400 28
30-40 16 15 350 38
40-50 10 25 360 46
50-60  8 35 220 50
4 45  
X=Σfx/Σf  55 X=Σfx/Σf N+1/2
=1510/50 =(50+1)/2
=30.2 =25.5
Calculation of Mode
 Calculation of Mode
Mode = = l + (f - f )
1 0 x h
2f -f - f
1 0 2
 Calculation of Mode
Mode = = l + (f - f )
1 0 x h
2f -f - f
1 0 2

l=20, f1= 16, f0=6, f2= 10, h=10

 Calculation of Mode
Mode = = l + (f - f )
1 0 x h
2f -f - f
1 0 2

l=20, f1= 16, f0=6, f2= 10, h=10

Mode = 20 + (16 - 6) x 10
(2x16 - 6 - 10)
 Calculation of Mode
Mode = = l + (f - f )
1 0 x h
2f -f - f
1 0 2

l=20, f1= 16, f0=6, f2= 10, h=10

Mode = 20 + (16 - 6) x 10
(2x16 - 6 - 10)
= 26.25