Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

(MIMO)

BY: FAHAD GUL SHAHZAD

What are MIMO systems?

A MIMO system consists of several antenna elements, plus adaptive signal

processing, at both transmitter and receiver.

There can be various MIMO configurations. For example, a 2x2 MIMO

configuration is 2 antennas to transmit signals (from base station) and 2 antennas
to receive signals (mobile terminal). Similarly we have 4x4 MIMO 8x8 MIMO
etc.
Why MIMO?

Wireless channel introduces

Fading: multiple paths with different phases add up at the receiver, giving a
random (Rayleigh/Ricean) amplitude signal.
ISI:multiple paths come with various delays, causing intersymbol interference.
CCI: Co-channel users create interference to the target user
Noise: electronics suffer from thermal noise, limiting the SNR.
Wireless channel limitations
MIMO Benefits

Resistivity to fading (QOS)

Increased coverage
Increased capacity
Increased data rate
Improved spectral efficiency
Reduced power consumption
Reduced cost of wireless network

These are due to following gains offered by mimo system.

1.Spatial multiplexing gain

2.Diversity gain
MIMO Increases Throughput
MIMO Increases Capacity
MIMO Increases Range
SISO Vs MIMO
Capacity comparison
 MIMO Antenna Configuration

1 1

2 2
User data stream User data stream
. channel .
. .
. .
. .
. .
MT MR
MIMO Channel
 MIMO System Model
h11
s1 y1
h12
s2 . y2 User data stream
User data stream
. .
. .
. Channel
. .
sM Matrix H yM

s y
Transmitted vector Received vector
y = Hs + n
MT

h11 h21 …….hM1

Where H = MR h12 h22 …….hM2
h1M h2M …….hMM
How It Works

Example for 3x3 MIMO

The receiver takes the channel matrix and inverts it to separate the
data.
Channel matrix invertibility

The following degrades the conditioning of the channel matrix

Antenna correlation
Line of sight components
Received signal for 4x4 MIMO

R=H⋅S+n

R1 = h11S1 + h12S2 + h13S3 + h14S4 + n

R2 = h21S1 + h22S2 + h23S3 + h24S4 + n
R3 = h31S1 + h32S2 + h33S3 + h34S4 + n
R4 = h41S1 + h42S2 + h43S3 + h44S4 + n

Sˆ ⇐ H −1 ⋅ R ≈ H −1 ⋅ H ⋅ S

Where
R is the signal received, S is transmitted signal & H is the channel matrix
Capacity of MIMO systems
Technologies that make MIMO possible

1.Spatial multiplexing

2.OFDM

3.Space-Time coding
Conclusion

MIMO Systems are getting us closer to the 1Gbps barrier.

At the same time, they provide reliable communications.

Different architectures available for use.

THE END