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Equation
Yoav Peles
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Understand multidimensionality and time dependence of heat transfer,
and the conditions under which a heat transfer problem can be
approximated as being one-dimensional,
• Obtain the differential equation of heat conduction in various
coordinate systems, and simplify it for steady one-dimensional case,
• Identify the thermal conditions on surfaces, and express them
mathematically as boundary and initial conditions,
• Solve one-dimensional heat conduction problems and obtain the
temperature distributions within a medium and the heat flux,
• Analyze one-dimensional heat conduction in solids that involve heat
generation, and
• Evaluate heat conduction in solids with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity.
Introduction
• Although heat transfer and temperature are
closely related, they are of a different nature.
• Temperature has only magnitude
it is a scalar quantity.
• Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude
it is a vector quantity.
• We work with a coordinate system and indicate
direction with plus or minus signs.
Introduction ─ Continue
• The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the
temperature difference.
• The larger the temperature difference, the larger the
rate of heat transfer.
• Three prime coordinate systems:
– rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) ,
– cylindrical (T(r, , z, t)),
– spherical (T(r, , , t)).
Introduction ─ Continue
Classification of conduction heat transfer problems:
• steady versus transient heat transfer,
• multidimensional heat transfer,
• heat generation.
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
• Steady implies no change with time at any point
within the medium
E
Qx Qx x Egen,element
element
t
(2-6)
Eelement
Qx Qx x E gen,element
(2-6)
t
• The change in the energy content and the rate of heat
generation can be expressed as
Eelement Et t Et mc Tt t Tt cAx Tt t Tt (2-7)
Egen ,element e genVelement e gen Ax (2-8)
Eelement
Q r Q r r E gen ,element
t
(2-18)
Eelement
Qr Qr r E gen ,element
(2-18)
t
• The change in the energy content and the rate of heat
generation can be expressed as
Eelement Et t Et mc Tt t Tt cAr Tt t Tt (2-19)
Egen ,element e genVelement e gen Ar (2-20)
1 2 T T
Variable conductivity: r k e gen c (2-30)
r r
2
r t
1 2 T e gen 1 T
Constant conductivity: r (2-31)
r r r k
2
t
General Heat Conduction Equation
Eelement
Qx Qy Qz Qx x Qy y Qz z
E gen ,element (2-36)
t
Repeating the mathematical approach used for the one-
dimensional heat conduction the three-dimensional heat
conduction equation is determined to be
Two-dimensional
2T 2T 2T e gen 1 T
Constant conductivity: 2 2 (2-39)
x 2
y z k t
Three-dimensional
2T 2T 2T e gen
2 2 0 (2-40)
1) Steady-state: x 2
y z k
2T 2T 2T 1 T
2) Transient, no heat generation: x 2 y 2 z 2 t (2-41)
2T 2T 2T
3) Steady-state, no heat generation: x 2 y 2 z 2 0 (2-42)
Cylindrical Coordinates
1 T 1 T T T T
rk 2 k k e gen c
r r r r z z t
(2-43)
Spherical Coordinates
1 2 T 1 T 1 T T
kr 2 2 k 2 k sin egen c
r r r r sin r sin t
2
(2-44)
Boundary and Initial Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary
Condition
For one-dimensional heat transfer
through a plane wall of thickness
L, for example, the specified
temperature boundary conditions
can be expressed as
T(0, t) = T1
(2-46)
T(L, t) = T2
k
T (0, t )
0 or
T (0, t )
0
T L , t
2 0
x x x
(2-49) (2-50)
Convection Boundary Condition
T (0, t )
k h1 T1 T (0, t ) (2-51a)
x
and
T ( L, t )
k h2 T ( L, t ) T 2 (2-51b)
x
Radiation Boundary Condition
T (0, t )
k 1 Tsurr
4
,1 T (0, t ) 4
(2-52a)
x
and
T ( L, t )
k 2 T ( L, t ) 4 Tsurr
4
,2
(2-52b)
x
Interface Boundary Conditions
At the interface the requirements are:
(1) two bodies in contact must have the same
temperature at the area of contact,
(2) an interface (which is a
surface) cannot store any
energy, and thus the heat flux
on the two sides of an
interface must be the same.
TA(x0, t) = TB(x0, t) (2-53)
and
TA ( x0 , t ) T ( x , t )
k A k B B 0 (2-54)
x x
Generalized Boundary Conditions
In general a surface may involve convection, radiation,
and specified heat flux simultaneously. The boundary
condition in such cases is again obtained from a surface
energy balance, expressed as
Heat transfer Heat transfer
to the surface
in all modes
= from the surface
In all modes
e genV
Ts T (2-66)
hAs
Heat Generation in Solids -The Surface
Temperature
For a large plane wall of thickness 2L (As=2Awall and
V=2LAwall)
e gen L
Ts , plane wall T (2-67)
h
For a long solid cylinder of radius r0 (As=2r0L and
V=r02L) e gen r0
Ts ,cylinder T (2-68)
2h
For a solid sphere of radius r0 (As=4r02 and V=4/3r03)
e gen r0
Ts , sphere T (2-69)
3h
Heat Generation in Solids -The maximum
Temperature in a Cylinder (the Centerline)
The heat generated within an inner
cylinder must be equal to the heat
conducted through its outer surface.
dT
kAr e genVr (2-70)
dr
Substituting these expressions into the above equation
and separating the variables, we get
dT e gen
k 2 rL
dr
2
e gen r L dT
2k
rdr