Module 2-A

Mathematical Language
and Symbols
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
1. Define/identify the different terminologies
related to mathematical language and
symbols; and
2. Solve problems involving operations on
sets; and
 What is language?
Language is the system of words, signs and
symbols which people use to express ideas, thoughts
and feelings

 What is a mathematical language?

Mathematical language is the system used to
communicate mathematical ideas.

 What are mathematical symbol?

Mathematical symbols are symbols or characters
that are used to indicate mathematical relation or
operation.
 Mathematical or Verbal Expression or Meaning
Operational Symbols
+ plus, increased by, added to, the sum of
- minus, decreased by, subtracted by,
subtracted from, reduced by, the
difference of, the difference of, the
difference between

x, *, () times, multiplied by, the product of

÷, / divided by, the quotient of
Inequality Symbols Meaning
> greater than
< less than
≥ greater than or equal to
≤ less than or equal to
= equal
≠ not equal
Set - a well-defined collection of distinct
objects.
Two ways to describe a Set
1. Roster Method
A = {7, 14, 21, 28,…}
2. Set Builder Notation
B = {x : x is an integer, x < – 4 }
 This is read as: “B is the set of elements
x such that x is an integer less than –4.”
Kind of Sets
1. Empty Set or Null Set – a set that has no
element
Ex. E = { }
2. Finite Set – a set that contains a countable
number of elements
Ex. S = {3, 4, 5}
3. Infinite Set – a set whose elements have no
end.
Ex. T = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15,…}
4. Universal Set - a set that contains all elements
under consideration.
Ex. J = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,…50}
5. Unit Set – a set that contains only one element
Ex. M = {15}
6. Equal Sets – are sets that contain the same
elements
Ex. R = {2, 4, 6, 8} S = {4, 8, 6, 2}
 Set R and set S are equal sets.
7. Equivalent Sets - are sets that contain the
same number of elements.
Ex. A = { 5, 6, 7, 8} C = {1, 2, 3, 4}
 Set A has 4 elements. Set C has 4 elements.
Therefore, sets A and C are equivalent sets.
8. Joint Sets - are sets that have at least one
common element.
Ex. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
N = {3, 6, 9}
 3 is an element of both set M and set N.
Therefore, sets M and N are joint sets.
9. Disjoint Sets - are sets that have no common
element.
Ex. P = {e, v, r, s}
Q = {a, c, d, v}
 Set P and set Q have no common element.
Therefore, sets P and Q are disjoint sets.
Operations on Sets
1. Union of Sets
Ex.
A = {3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {4, 8, 10}
AUB = {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
2. Intersection of Sets
Ex.
C = {2, 4, 6, 8}
D = {3, 6, 9, 12}
C∩D = {6}Intersections of Sets
Venn Diagram

 The union of sets a and B are all the

elements of both sets (inside both
circles representing sets A and B).
Venn Diagram

 The intersection of sets A and B are the

elements that are common to both sets
as shown by the colored regions
overlapping the two sets.
Venn Diagram

 Complement of set A (A’) are all the

elements in the universal set that are
not elements of set A
 Thank you,
God bless and
stay safe!