AXIALLY AND ECCENTRICALLY

LOADED COLUMNS
 A column is a vertical structural member subjected
to axial compression force, with or with out bending
moment and transmitting the load coming from
super structure to the ground through foundation.
 Depending on provisions of lateral bracing for frame,
column may be classified as:
1. Braced Column- braced laterally that carry vertical
loads caused by the dead and imposed loads only.
Lateral loads are supported by bracing system.
2. Un-braced Column- not braced laterally that carry all
loads including the lateral loads.
 Columns may also be classified depending on the
slenderness ratio:
• Short Columns-that fail by either crushing of concrete
or yielding of steel,
• Long (Slender) Columns –that fail by buckling (side
-sway deflection).
The slenderness ratio λ of columns is defined as the
ratio on the effective buckling length (Le) to the
radios of gyration (ri=).
The effective length (Le) of the columns is the distance
between two consecutive points of contra flexure or
zero bending moments
 For isolated column, the effective length of
column may be determined using theoretical
(recommended) value depending on end-
restraints of the column.
 For column in framed structures the effective
length may be determined by approximate
equations of effective length of column in
frame structure given in EBCS-2.
According to EBCS-2, 1995 part one, the
effective buckling length (Le) of the column is
given by:
  
Reinforcement Arrangement and Minimum Code
Requirement
1. Longitudinal Reinforcement
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall neither
be less than 0.008Ac nor more than 0.08Ac
 The minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be 6
for circular columns and 4 for Rectangular columns.
 The minimum cross sectional size of rectangular
column is 150mm and for circular, Diameter=200mm
 The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less
than 12mm
 The Min. cover to reinforcement should provided
according to EBCS provision.
2. Lateral reinforcement
 The diameter of tie s or spirals shall not be less than
6mm or one quarter of longitudinal bars.
 The center to center spacing of lateral reinforcement
shall not exceed
12* diameter of longitudinal bars
S<= b ( least dimension)
300mm
 The pitch of spirals shall not exceed 100mm.
 The function of ties and spirals are to hold the
longitudinal bars in position in the form while the
concrete is being poured and to prevent the
individual longitudinal bars buckling outward by
bursting the thin concrete cover
An interaction diagram is a plot of axially load
capacity of a column against the bending moment
it can sustain.
( interaction equation for
P M
  1idealized homogenous and
Pmax M max linearly elastic column)
 Reinforced concrete is not elastic and has ft much less
than fc . An effective tensile strength is developed,
however, by reinforcing bars on the tension face of the
member
 For these reasons the calculation on an interaction
diagram for an RC member is more than complex than for
an elastic material
• Any combination of loading within the curve is a safe
loading.
• Any combination of loading outside the curve
represents a failure combination.
• All combination of Pn and Mn between points A and C
will cause the concrete to fail in compression before
the bottom reinforcement, As yields.
• All combination of Pn and Mn between points C and F
will cause in tensile yielding of As before the concrete
fails in compression.
 When a member is subjected to combined axial
compression Pd and a moment Md, it is mor
convenient to replace the axial load and the moment
with an equivalent Pd, applied at eccentricity ed.
  
Design of Isolated Columns