Department of Computer Science &

Engineering
Aravali College of Engineering
and Management,
Faridabad

(July – Dec 2020)

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Learning

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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What is Learning?

 “Learning denotes changes in a system that ... enable a

system to do the same task … more efficiently the next
time.”

 “Learning is constructing or modifying representations of

what is being experienced.”

 “Learning is making useful changes in our minds.”

“Machine learning refers to a system capable of the

autonomous acquisition and integration of knowledge.”
AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD
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Learning Process

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Learning system in
Machine Learning

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Machine Learning
 “Field of study that gives computers the ability
to learn without being explicitly programmed”
• Arthur Samuel (1959)
 “A computer program is said to learn from
experience E with respect to some class of
tasks T and performance measure P, if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P,
improves with experience E”
• Tom M. Mitchell (1998)

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Understanding Machine Learning from
daily life applications

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Machine Learning
 Machine learning is a subfield of computer
science that explores the study and
construction of algorithms that can learn
from and make predictions on data.

 Such algorithms operate by building a model

from example inputs in order to make data-
driven predictions or decisions, rather than
following strictly static program instructions
AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD
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 Understanding the Concept of Machine
Learning
Example: Spam Mail Detection
 “A computer program is said to learn from
experience E with respect to some class of
tasks T and performance measure P, if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P,
improves with experience E”

 In our project,
• T: classify emails as spam or not spam
• E: watch the user label emails as spam or not spam

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Applications of Machine Learning
 Facial recognition

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Applications of Machine Learning
 Self-customizing programs (Netflix, Amazon,
etc.)

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Why Machine Learning?
 No human experts
• industrial/manufacturing control
• mass spectrometer analysis, drug design, astronomic discovery
 Black-box human expertise
• face/handwriting/speech recognition
• driving a car, flying a plane
 Rapidly changing phenomena
• credit scoring, financial modeling
• diagnosis, fraud detection
 Need for customization/personalization
• personalized news reader
• movie/book recommendation

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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How Machine Learning Different from
Artificial Intelligence

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Types Of Machine Learning
 Supervised learning : Learn by examples as to
what a face is in terms of structure, color, etc
so that after several iterations it learns to
define a face.

 Unsupervised learning : since there is no

desired output in this case that is provided
therefore categorization is done so that the
algorithm differentiates correctly between
the face of a horse, cat or human.
AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD
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Types of Machine Learning

 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING:
Learn how to behave successfully to
achieve a goal while interacting with an
external environment .(Learn via
Experiences!)

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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 Supervised learning is the machine learning
task of inferring a function from labeled
training data. The training data consist of a
set of training examples. In supervised
learning, each example is a pair consisting of
an input object and a desired output value.
A supervised learning algorithm analyzes the
training data and produces an inferred
function, which can be used for mapping new
examples.

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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Supervised Learning

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AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD
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 Regression means to predict the output value
using training data.
 Classification means to group the output into
a class.
 e.g. we use regression to predict the house
price from training data and use
classification to predict the Gender.

AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD

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AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM
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Applications for supervised
Learning
•Risk assessment - Supervised learning is used to assess the risk
in financial services or insurance domains in order to minimize the
risk portfolio of the companies. 

•Image classification - Image classification is one of the key use

cases of demonstrating supervised machine learning. For example,
Facebook can recognize your friend in a picture from an album of
tagged photos. 

•Fraud detection - To identify whether the transactions made by the user are
authentic or not. 

•Visual recognition - The ability of a machine learning model to identify

objects, places, people, actions and images.
AASTHA BUDHIRAJA, DEPT. OF CSE, ACEM FARIDABAD
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Unsupervised Machine
Learning
In Unsupervised Learning, the machine uses
unlabeled data and learns on itself without any
supervision. The machine tries to find a pattern in
the unlabeled data and gives a response.

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Supervised and
Unsupervised Learning

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Aravali College of Engineering And Management
Jasana, Tigoan Road, Neharpar, Faridabad, Delhi NCR
Toll Free Number : 91- 8527538785
Website : www.acem.edu.in
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