About The Presenter : Avinash M Bhardwaj

UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE
About the presenter…

Avinash M Bhardwaj
• Total Professional experience of 38 Years, 18 years with
BHEL & NTPC and 20 years in Academics & Training.
• Working with Subhash Jain & associates since 2014.
• Previously worked on UDAAN project of MHRD, GOI for
IISD, Gurgaon.
• Director of ‘Institute of Business Management’ at
Mangalayatan University, Aligarh during 2010-2012.
• Worked with UPES in various capacities during 2005-2010
at Gurgaon as well as Dehradun.
• Worked with Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering,
New Delhi during 2003-05.
• Associated with DIAS, JIMS and other institutions of
GGSIP University, Delhi as Visiting Faculty.
Centre for
Continuing Education
Energy for Sustainable Development-I-III

(PGP Renewable Energy-Module I)
Centre for
Outline of Discussion
• Current and projected Indian and World energy consumption
and supply by sector
• Carbon emissions and warming
• The nature of the options & issues
– Transportation
• Bio-fuels
• Hydrogen, Fuel Cells
– Electric Power
• Solar, Wind,
• Bio-fuels,
• Nuclear
• A proposed quantifiable solution set for near and long term
sustainable energy independence
Centre for
Why these discussions now?

• Current energy scenario
Source of Energy Share in Indian Power Sector Installed Capacity (MW)
Thermal Power (Coal) 63.54% 226,279
Nuclear 1.9% 6780
Hydro-power 12.75% 45,399
Renewable Sources 21.8% 77,641
Centre for
Global Energy Consumptions

• Primary energy consumption grew at a rate of 2.9% last
year, (Twice its 10-year average of 1.5% per year).
• Natural gas contributed more than 40% of the increase.
• All fuels grew faster than their 10-year averages, apart
from renewables.
• China, the US and India together accounted for more
than two thirds of the global increase in energy demand,
with US consumption expanding at its fastest rate for 30
years.
Centre for
Carbon emissions
• Carbon emissions grew by 2.0%, the fastest
growth for seven years.
• Cause of health & other environmental

degradation.
Centre for
Indian Energy Scenario 2017-18

• Production and Consumption:
– Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of Production of
Coal & Lignite in 2017-18 over 2008-09 are 3.20% &
3.62% respectively whereas their consumption grew at
5.01% and 3.70% respectively during the same period.
– Crude Oil and Natural Gas: during the period 2008-09 to
2017- 18 the Production increased by 0.63% and (-)
0.06% whereas Consumption increased by 4.59% &
4.82%.
– Generation of Electricity increased by 5.71 % and
Consumption of electricity increased by 7.39%.
Centre for
Imports and Exports

• Imports of the Coal during 2008-09 to 2017-18 increased at a
CAGR of 13.44% whereas the Exports during the corresponding
period decreased at (-) 0.96%.
• The imports of Natural Gas and Crude Oil increased at CAGR of
9.44% and 5.20% respectively.
• The imports of petroleum products, during the period 2008-09 to
2017-18 increased at CAGR of 6.67%, whereas during the same
reference period the exports registered an increase of 5.55%.
• For electricity, the net imports witnessed significant change in last
two years i.e. 2016-17 and 2017-18. The exports have robust
increase at CAGR of 61.83% during 2008-09 to 2017-18 whereas
the imports registered a decline with CAGR of (-) 0.50%.
Centre for
Usage of Energy
• The maximum energy intensive sector was
industrial sector accounting about 56% of
total energy consumption.
• Per Capita consumption of Energy showed a
CAGR of 2.54% for the period 2011-12 to
2017-18
Centre for
Status of Natural Resources

• Coal 200 Years
• Oil 60 Years
• Forests on the decline
Centre for
Sustainable development:
Meeting the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs.
– World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Our Common Future
Centre for
Sustainable development is more
Societ than just caring about the
y
environment, or generating
money through economic
growth.
Sustainab
Econom le
y develop-
ment
It is the intersection of three pillars:

Environm
e Environment, Economy, and
nt Society.
Centre for
The Healthy Community Model
SOCIETY ECONOMY
HEALTH
ENVIRONMENT
Centre for
Energy
• Per capita energy consumption is the key
indicator of development in any country.
• Efforts have been directed to hike per capita
consumption and, thus, raise standard of living of
the citizens.
• A large population is, yet, to taste fruits of
electricity.
• All policies have to be aligned to the objective of
energy security.
Centre for
Climate Change & Energy Security

• Climate change at a fast pace poses grave risks to the
humanity.
• Major contributor __ current fuel mix for energy
production i.e. Fossil fuel.
• Efforts to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy are
likely to show impact in the future in a sustainable manner.
• Two steps required for a positive result:
– Assessment of commercially available technologies.
– A critical review of policies for commercial implementation of
technologies.
Centre for
Climate Change & Energy Security

• Energy generation accounts for >70% of GHG
emissions.
• Options for energy security:
– high-efficiency transportation,
– Renewable energy
– carbon sequestration
– demand side management
Remember: Development, energy security and climate
change are interlinked and aim at “Poverty eradication”.
Centre for
Environmental Issues
• Today’s environment is highly polluted &
degraded resulting in lower quality of life
evident from:
– deforestation,
– desertification,
– soil degradation,
– water and air pollution,
– growth of urban slums
– unhygienic living conditions
Centre for
Sustainability: PROBLEMS
Depletion of finite resources
– fuels, soil, minerals, species
Over-use of renewable resources
– forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
Pollution
– air, water, soil
Inequity
– economic, political, social, gender
Species loss
– endangered species and spaces
Centre for
- WCED, 1987
Sustainability: SOLUTIONS
 Cyclical material use
– emulate natural cycles; 3 R’s
 Safe reliable energy
– conservation, renewable energy,
substitution, interim measures
 Life-based interests
– health, creativity, communication,
coordination, appreciation, learning,
intellectual and spiritual development
Centre for
Two key sustainable development concepts:
EQUITY
LIMITS TO GROWTH
-WCED 1987
Centre for
 the concept of needs, particularly the essential needs

of the world’s poor
EQUITY
-WCED 1987 Centre for

EQUITY
• the quality of being fair or impartial;

fairness; impartiality
• something that is fair and just.
-dictionary.com
Centre for
Contrast with:
EQUALITY
• the state or quality of being equal;

correspondence in quantity, degree,
value, rank, or ability.
• uniform character, as of motion or
surface.
-dictionary.comCentre for
 the idea of limitations (ecological, technological, and

social) which affect the environment’s
ability to meet present and future needs
LIMITS TO GROWTH
Centre for
-WCED 1987
LIMITS TO GROWTH
-quantitative and qualitative limits
- living within the regenerative and
assimilative capacities of the planet
Centre for
-WCED 1987
Sustainable development...
• implies limits
 Not predefined absolute limits, but
limitations imposed by:
– the ability of the biosphere to absorb the
effects of human activities
– adaptability of human social and political
organization
– technology
Centre for
Sustainable development and economic growth
Economic growth must be made:

– less material intensive (‘dematerialization of the
economy’)
– less energy intensive
– more equitable in its impacts
• Economic growth may be reduced or curtailed to

meet limitations imposed by environment,
technology, or society
Centre for
Institutional gaps impeding sustainable development
2 major gaps:
• fragmented decision making
– narrow mandates, jurisdictional rigidity, lack of
communication and coordination
• lack of accountabiity
– failure to make the bodies whose policy actions
degrade the environment responsible for their
actions
Centre for
materials and energy
Centre for
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:
ENERGY HEAT
NON-RENEWABLE CONSUMER HIGH

and RENEWABLE SOCIETY THROUGHPUT
CONVENTIONAL
URBAN SYSTEM WASTE &
MATERIALS
TOXINS
One-way flow of materials and energy

Centre for
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization
• Energy Options
– Fossil Fuel (major contributor)
– Biofuels (Economy & Ease of availability)
– Results:
• Environmental & climate change
• Deforestation
• Population migration
• Ecological imbalance
Centre for
Sustainable civilization:
Energy Efficiency
Low-quality
ENERGY Heat Energy
LOW
RENEWABLE THROUGHPUT
CONSERVER
SOCIETY Low-volume
MATERIALS
Nontoxic
Waste Minimization Waste
Toxics control Materials
• Cyclical flows of materials
• Appropriate energy usage
Centre for
Sustainable civilization:
• Energy Options:
– Fossil Fuels (Reduction in use)
– Renewable Energy
– Afforestation
– Employment opportunities near rural areas
– Motivation for recycling
Centre for
information
and decision making
Centre for
Sustainable development...
• considers future and present needs when
making decisions about:
– resource and energy use
– technological development
– direction of investments
– social, political & institutional change...etc.
etc. etc.
Centre for
ECONOMY
ENV’T
SOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION
MAKING
Centre for
ECONOMY
• NON-PARTICIPATORY
ENV’T
•FRAGMENTED
SOCIETY
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
Centre for
ECONOMY
ENV’T
SOCIETY
‘ECO- ECONOMY
SYSTEM
SOCIETY
HEALTH’
ENVIRONMENT
TRADITIONAL
DECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
Centre for
SOCIETY
‘ECO- ECONOMY
SYSTEM
HEALTH’
• PARTICIPATORY
• INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
DECISION MAKING
Centre for
Fragmented decision-making
private
other public
interests
community federal /
groups
ISSUE national
municipal provincial /
state
regional
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
Centre for
Integrated decision-making
private
private
other
interests public
public
community
community ISSUE
ISSUE federal/
federal/
groups
groups national
national
municipal
municipal provincial/
state
regional
Centre for
- after Barrett and Kidd,Education
Continuing 1991
decision making
• reactive
Centre for
decision making
• reactive
(‘end of pipe’)
Centre for
decision making
• anticipatory
• reactive
Centre for
decision making
• anticipatory
(planning for
change)
• reactive
Centre for
decision making
• radical
• anticipatory
• reactive
Centre for
decision making
• radical
(fundamental;
root causes)
• anticipatory
• reactive
Centre for
decision making
• radical
• anticipatory
• reactive
Centre for
Industry
• radical • change in demand • environment
- less consumption and
- alternative consumption economy
and
society
• anticipatory • change in process • environment

- clean technology and
- elimination of toxics economy
• environment
• reactive • sewage treatment plant or
Centre for
- ‘end of pipe’ solution economy
Historical
example: Northern
Telecom
• based in Canada
• 42 plants in various countries
• manufacturer of electronic components
(telecommunications)
• 1988: 1000+ tonnes of CFCs per year
• 1992: 0 tonnes of CFCs used per year
Centre for
Original Process
1) raw components and grease

2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product
Centre for
Revised process
1) raw components, no grease

2) manufacturing and assembly process
3) no need to clean off grease with CFCs
4) finished product
Centre for
Environment AND Economy

• $1 million to develop new process
• $4 million savings in first year (no CFCs)
• $50 million savings to year 2000
• international environmental prize -> great
publicity
• contract with Mexico for industrial innovation
(very lucrative)
Centre for
• radical
• anticipatory
• reactive Centre for

Industry
• radical
• anticipatory
• reactive Centre for

Industry
• radical • change in
demand for
product
• anticipatory • change in
industrial
process
• sewage
treatment
• reactive plant for
Centre for
wastes Continuing Education
Industry
UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH Biodiversity
A PURPOSE Transportation
• radical • change in • apply

• demand for landscape
product ecology
principles
to human
activity
• anticipatory • change in • establish

• industrial national
process parks (12%)
to protect
habitats
• sewage • zoo / seed

• treatment bank for
• reactive • plant for endangered
Centre for
wastes species Continuing Education
Industry
UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH Biodiversity
A PURPOSE Transportation
• radical • change in • apply • complete

demand for landscape redesign of
product ecology our cities
principles
to human
activity
• anticipatory • change in • establish • alternative

industrial national fuels for cars
process parks (12%)
to protect
habitats
• sewage • zoo / seed • catalytic

treatment bank for converters
• reactive plant for endangered
Centre for
wastes species Continuing Education
Effects of new strategy

• Use of Renewables on the rise:
Source Total Installed Targets for 2022

Capacity (MW)
Wind Power 36,368 60,000
Solar Power 29,549 1,00,000
Small Hydropower 4,604 5,000
Biomass Power 9,806 10000
((Biomass & Gasification and Bagasse Cogeneration)
Waste-to-Power
138
TOTAL 80,467 175,000
Centre for
Sustainability:
How do we move from rhetoric to reality?
Centre for
principles
policy
practice
Centre for
To be continued-ENERGY
Centre for

About The Presenter : Avinash M Bhardwaj

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UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE

About the presenter…

Energy for Sustainable Development-I-III

Why these discussions now?

Thermal Power (Coal) 63.54% 226,279

Nuclear 1.9% 6780

Hydro-power 12.75% 45,399

Renewable Sources 21.8% 77,641

Global Energy Consumptions

• Cause of health & other environmental

Indian Energy Scenario 2017-18

Imports and Exports

Status of Natural Resources

Meeting the needs of the present

It is the intersection of three pillars:

The Healthy Community Model

Climate Change & Energy Security

Climate Change & Energy Security

 the concept of needs, particularly the essential needs

-WCED 1987 Centre for

• the quality of being fair or impartial;

• the state or quality of being equal;

 the idea of limitations (ecological, technological, and

Sustainable development and economic growth

Economic growth must be made:

• Economic growth may be reduced or curtailed to

materials and energy

Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:

NON-RENEWABLE CONSUMER HIGH

One-way flow of materials and energy

• anticipatory • change in process • environment

1) raw components and grease

1) raw components, no grease

Environment AND Economy

• reactive Centre for

• reactive Centre for

• radical • change in • apply

• anticipatory • change in • establish

• sewage • zoo / seed

• radical • change in • apply • complete

• anticipatory • change in • establish • alternative

• sewage • zoo / seed • catalytic

Effects of new strategy

Source Total Installed Targets for 2022

TOTAL 80,467 175,000

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