TYPES OF SOLIDS

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
•“Shapeless” solids
•Solids that do not have definite melting points.
•Particles do not have an orderly arrangement;
their arrangement is random, similar to that in
liquids
•Examples
•gum, paraffin, and glass
 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
•Solids that have definite melting points
•Crystals have an orderly arrangement of particles
•Internal orderliness gives a crystal a
recognizable external shapes
• Examples
• sodium chloride and sugar
 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
•A science that deals with the forms and structures of
crystals
•Max von Laue (1912),experimentally verified the
arrangement of atoms in crystal using X-ray patterns
•William Henry Bragg and William Laurence Bragg
computed the spacing between layers of atoms by
measuring the intensities of X-rays reflected from
crystals at different angles.
 GEOMETRIC FORMS OF CRYSTALS
1. Cubic – all axes are of the same length and all angels are 90 0.
2. Tetragonal – two axes are of the same length and all angles are 90 0.
3. Orthorhombic – no axes are of the same length and all angles are 90 0.
4. Monoclinic – no axes are of the same length and two angles are 90 0.
5. Triclinic – no axes are of the same length, no angles are the same, and
no angles are 900.
6. Hexagonal – two axes are of the same length, two angles are 90 0, and
one is 1200.
7. Rhombohedral – all axes are of the same length and all angles are
equal but not 900.
 ALLOTROPES
•Crystalline solids can exist in various
forms
• Examples
• carbon and graphite
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
BASED ON THE TYPE OF
BONDING
 Covalent Ionic Matallic Molecular
Particles that occupy Atoms Positive and Metal atoms Molecules
the lattice sites negative ions
Nature of bonding Electron sharing Electrostatic Electrical attraction Van der Waals forces
attraction between the outer
level electron and
nuclei
Properties They are hard, They are quite hard They have variable They are generally
nonvolatile, and and brittle. They melting points and soft and have low
have high melting have fairly high hardness. They are melting points.
points melting points and good conductors of
are good insulators electricity.
Examples Diamond, Sodium chloride, Copper, iron, Ice, dry ice
carborundum, quartz potassium nitrate, aluminum
sodium sulfate