Chapter 9:

HEAT
9.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

 1) Heat is a form of energy.

 2)The SI unit is joule, J

 3) Heat flows from a hotter to a colder place. This process

of heat transfer will stop when the temperature of the
two places become the same.
 Sources of heat energy

Electrical Chemical Burning

Friction
appliances reaction of fuels
 5) Uses of heat in our daily life:
a) drying b) ironing c) cooking d) keeping warm
Temperature
 1) Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness or
coldness of an object.
 2) A thermometer is used to measure temperature.
 3) The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin, (K). However,
the commonly used unit is degree Celsius (0C).
 4) Hot substances have high temperatures whereas cold
substances have low temperatures.
 4) The difference between heat and temperature:

Temperatur
Heat
e
A measurement of the
A form of energy hotness or coldness of
an object

Can do work Cannot do work

SI unit = Joule (J) SI unit = Kelvin (K)

  5) 3 types of thermometers:

Type of
Range
thermomete Use
temperature
r
Measures
laboratory -10 0C and 110 temperature
thermometer 0
C when doing
experiments

Clinical Measures body

35 C and 42 C
0 0
thermometer temperature
7.2 The effect
Matter
of heat flow
on matter Is heated Is cooled
Particles absorb heat Particles release heat

Particles receive energy The particles lose energy

and move faster and move more slowly

The distance between The distance between the

the particles increase particles decreases

The volume of the The volume of the

matter increases matter decreases

The matter expands The matter contracts

9.2 heat flow and thermal equilibrium
1. When two objects with different temperatures are in
contact, heat flow from the hot object to cold object.
2. The heat flow stops when two objects reached the
same temperature.
Transfer of Heat
Heat can be transferred from a hot to a cold place by the
process of :

 a) Conduction
 b) Convection
 c) Radiation
CONDUCTION
1. Conduction is the process of heat transfers from hotter region
to
colder region through solid medium when in contact.

2. When one part of an object is heated, its get hot. The particles
there gain heat energy making them vibrate stronger. They then
collide and pass some heat energy to the neighboring particles.
Heat transfer

Iron rod
CONVECTION
 1) Convection is the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases)
carried out by moving particles.
 2) Hot fluids become less dense and move upwards.
Cold fluids that are denser move down to replace the hot fluids.

3) A convection current is produced.

Convection in liquid
RADIATION
 1) Radiation is the transfer of heat without involving a medium.

 2) Radiation can take place through air space or a vacuum.

3) Radiation heat moves at the speed of light.

4) Radiation heat can be absorbed or reflected.

Comparison between conduction,
convection and radiation
Conductio Convectio
Radiation
n n
Medium Fluid (liquid or
Solid no medium
gas)
Take place in
No No Yes
Vacuum
Faster than
Speed Slow Very fast
conduction

Heat is transfer Heat is brought Heat moves in

Way heat is from particle to by the heated the form of
transfer particle through particles that waves in a
vibration move upwards straight line
Heat flow in the natural phenomena
Several natural phenomena happen based on heat
flow.
These natural phenomena:
 a) Earth warming by the Sun
 b) sea breeze and land breeze
Convection
Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena

LAND BREEZE
1) Land breeze blow during the night.
2) At night , the land loses heat faster than the sea.
3) The land become cooler than the sea.
4) The warm air above the surface of the sea (less dense) rises. The
cool air above the land (denser) flow to the sea.
SEA BREEZE
 1) Sea breeze blow during the day.
2) During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea.
3) The air on surface of the land become warm (less dense) and rises .
4) The cooler air over the sea (denser) flows in to take place of the
warm air.
Earth warming by the Sun
The heat from the Sun propagates to the Earth at the
speed of light.
Heat form the Sun reach Earth at the speed of light
through radiation.
HEAT CONDUCTOR

 1) Heat conductor is a substance that allows heat to flow through it

easily.
 2) the good conductor becomes hot easily when heated and become
cold easily when cooled.
 3) All metal such as iron, magnesium, aluminium and zinc are good
conductors of heat.
Copper
Aluminium
Brass best conductor
Zinc
Tin
Iron
Lead
The iron spoon is a good heat conductor. It conducts
heat faster to its surroundings, thus the water cool
faster.
 Uses of heat conductors
Thermometer
Cooking utensils 2)
1)
Cooking utensil ( kettles, pots, pans) are
made from metals. Food can be cooked
quickly or water can be boiled quickly.
Mercury in the bulb expands
and contracts easily.
Electric iron
3)
The bottom of an electric iron is
made up of metals so that it can
heat up quickly
HEAT INSULATOR

 1) heat insulator is a substance that prevents heat flowing through it.

 2) Non-metal such as glass, wood, cork, air, water and wool are
insulators.
 3) Fluids (liquid, gas) are poor conductors of heat.

Uses of heat insulators.

1) Handles
of kettle
Handles of kettles, irons and
cooking utensils such as pots and
frying pan are made of wood
or plastic
9.3 principle of expansion and contraction of matter

When an object is heated:

a) particles have more energy,
b) move faster,
c) distance among particles increases,
d) the volume increases (expand)

When an object is cooled,

 a) move slower,
c) distance among particles decreases,
d) the volume decreases (contract)
To show that heat causes solid to expand and contract
Observation.
Before heating, the metal ball can go through the ring.
After heating, the metal ball cannot go through the ring.

Conclusion
Solids expand when heated and
Contract when cooled.
 To show that heat causes liquids to
expand and contract
Observation
The mercury level in the thermometer goes
up in the beaker of hot water and goes down
in the beaker of ices cubes.

Conclusion
Liquids expand when heated and
contract when cooled.
To show that heat causes gases to expand and contract

Observation
The indicator in the glass tube goes up when
you cover the round-bottomed flask with your
palm.

The indicator in the glass tube goes down

when you remove your palms from the round-
bottomed flask.
Expansion and Contraction (Solids)
 1) A solid expands when it is heated. It contract when it is
cooled.

 2)The expansion of solid can be shown by a metal ball.

3) Different metals expand at different rates:

Aluminium

Brass expansion
increases
Copper

Iron

Invar
 4) Different metals expand unequally when heated to the
same temperature. This can be explained by heating
bimetallic strip.

Heated Aluminium
Copper
* When heated, showing that aluminium expands more than
copper

Heated
Brass

* When heated, showing that brass expands more than iron

Expansion and Contraction (Liquids)
 1) A liquid expands when it is heated. It contract when it is
cooled.

 2) Different liquids expands and contract at difference rates

Benzene

Alcohol
increases
Water expand

Mercury
 Application of the principle of convection in daily life

 1) Ventilation of building
a) The hot air in the building will flow out through the
ventilation holes at the top. The cold air enters through the holes
(windows/door) on the lower part.

 2) Refrigerator
a) Cold air from the freezer compartment at the top moves down to
the lower part of the refrigerators. The hot air is moved up.

 3) The cooling system in a car (radiator of the car)

a) The water around the engine becomes hot when the engine
moves. Hot water flows up through the radiator and gets cooled.
The cold water moves down and flows back around the engine.
A dent tennis table ball can go back to its original shape when
put into hot water.
This is because the air in the tennis table ball expands.
9.4 : Absorbing and Giving emission Heat
Good
Bad giving
Good heat Bad heat giving out
out (emits)
absorber absorber (emits)
heat
heat

Dark White
and and Dark White
dull shiny and and
surfac surfac dull shiny
surface surface
e e
 Absorption of heat

Type of surface Initial Final Decrease in

temperature temperature temperature
Dark and dull 24 50 26
White and shiny 24 45 21

Dark,dull surface absorb heat better than white,shiny surface.

 Release of heat

Result:
Type of surface Initial Final Decrease in
temperature temperature temperature

Dark and dull 90 70 20

White and shiny 90 80 10

• Analysis:
The dark,dull surface release heat better than
white,shiny surface.
Application of heat absorption and
emission in our daily life
Heat Concept in Daily Life
1. Green building technology practises the importance of the natural
environment in buildings. The main aim of this technology was developed is to
reduce the effect on the environment and the human health as a result of rapid
development.

2. Features of green building:

(a) Using recycled materials.
(b) Using water efficiently, for example using recycled water or rain water.
(c) Using renewable energy like solar energy.
(d) Using environment-friendly equipment.
(e) Reducing damage to the original landscape.
(f) Using good ventilation, drainage and lighting system.