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articles (1): a, an, or the
let’s compare a and an
we use a before words which begin with consonants (b,c,d,f…)
a doctor, a big car, a girl
We also use a before u when it sounds like the word ‘you’ and before eu
a university, a European city
we usually use a/an with a noun to talk about a person or thing for the
first time
we usually use the when we talk about the person or thing again
• Must have to
We must talk about it. We have to talk about it.
We mustn’t talk about it. (We have a strong obligation NOT to talk about it)
We mustn’t talk about it. (We have a strong obligation NOT to talk about it)
MUSTN’T versus DON’T HAVE TO
• We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something. (You have NO
CHOICE)
• We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
• I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
• You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
• They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.
• We use 'don't have to' to state that there is NO obligation or necessity. (You can if
you want, but you don’t have to)
• We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.
• I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.
• You don't have to come if you don't want to.
• He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage.
• I don’t have to go. Only if I want to.
Will Would
• Request / Demand / Order (less • Wish / Request (more polite
polite than would) than will)
• Will you please close the door?
• Would you close the door,
• Prediction / Assumption please?
• I think it will rain on Saturday.
• Promise
• I will stop smoking.
• Spontaneous Decision
• Can someone give me a ride? I will
Positive & Negative
Positive Negative
long form short form long form short form
Can Can not Can’t
Could Could Not Couldn’t
May May not
Might Might not Mightn’t
Ought to Ought not to Oughtn’t to
Should ‘d Should not Shouldn’t
Will ‘ll Will not Won’t
Would ‘d Would not Wouldn’t
Decide if the sentences have the same (similar) or different meaning.