RENEWABLE ENERGY

SYSTEM
(EE8703)
VII SEM
ODD SEM (2019-20)

Dr.D.Sunitha
Assistant Prof-III
EEE Dept
 2. Adequate inputs on 3. Recognize current
1. Awareness about
a variety of issues in and possible future role
OBJECTIVES: renewable Energy
harnessing renewable of renewable energy
Sources and technologies.
Energy. sources

2. Ability to get
1. Ability to create 3. Ability to recognize
adequate inputs on a
awareness about current and possible
COURSE OUTCOMES: variety of issues in
Renewable Energy future role of renewable
harnessing renewable
Sources and technologies. energy sources.
energy.

4. Ability to explain
5. Ability to 6. Ability to acquire
the various renewable
understand basics about knowledge about solar
energy resources and
biomass energy. energy.
technologies and their
 • Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that
are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable
resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal
energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power. The most
Renewable important features of renewable energy is that it can be
harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.
energy and Renewable energy is a term used to refer to forms of
energy that are naturally obtained from the environment
Non- and from sources that can be replenished naturally. These
include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy,
renewable hydropower, and biomass.

energy
• Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with
time.
Types Of Sources
 Fossil fuels, which
are main source of Further, the fossil
energy, are getting So, it's clear that
Why should we look fuel based systems
for alternate energy depleted. As a renewable energy
consequence the produce detrimental
sources? sources should be
cost of fossil fuels effects on the
are increasing. Cost increased all over
environments. This
is important but the world. !
environmental
in turn will affect our
harms of fossil fuels, health. This means
consumption of that indirectly, the
fossil reserves push
us to develop the
medical bills will be
usage of renewable rising the world over.
and sustainable
energy sources;
high costs of
renewables are
started to go
down.
 The demand-supply gap, especially as population
increases

The key o A large untapped potential

drivers for
renewable o Concern for the environment

energy are the o The need to strengthen India’s energy security

following
o Pressure on high-emission industry sectors from
their shareholders

o A viable solution for rural electrification

 Global
Consumptio
n and
Alternative
production
Production
 Coal
The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be
9,84,453 million
tonnes by end of 2003. The USA had the largest share
Global of the global
reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China
Primary (11.6%). India was 4th in the list with 8.6%.

Energy Oil
Reserves The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be
1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003. Saudi
Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with
almost 23%. (One barrel of oil is approximately
160 liters)
 •For past two years, the Indian Government has
taken several initiatives such as introduction of the
concept of solar parks, organizing RE-Invest 2015—
Current a global investors’ meet, launching of a massive grid
connected rooftop solar programme, allocating
Scenario Rs.38,000 crore (Euros 4 billion) for a Green Energy
Corridor, eight-fold increase in clean environment
of excess from Rs.50 per tonne to Rs.400 per tonne
(Euro 0.62 to Euros 5 per tonne) , solar pump
Renewable scheme with a target of installing 100,000 solar
pumps and programme to train 50,000 people for
Energy in solar installations under the Surya Mitra scheme, no
inter-state transmission charges and losses to be
India: levied for solar and wind power, compulsory
procurement of 100 per cent power from waste to
energy plants, and Renewable Generation
Obligations on new thermal and lignite plants, etc.
 Source Total Installed Capacity 2022 Target
(MW)
Wind Power 34,046 60,000
Solar Power 21,651 1,00,000
Biomass Power (Biomass & Gasification 8,701 10,000
and Bagasse Cogeneration)

Waste-to-Power 138
Small Hydro Power 4,486 5,000
TOTAL 69,022 1,75,000

•The Indian Government has increased the target of renewable energy

Renewable Energy capacity to 175 GW by the year 2022 which includes 100 GW from
Targets: solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from bio-power and 5 GW from small
hydro-power.
 • With right investments in green technologies, we
can say that India is well positioned to achieve the
ambitious renewable energy targets.
Future • The pursuit towards cleaner energy will play a key
role in supporting country’s transition to a full
Prospects of sustainable energy system.
• It is not a hidden fact that India is the world’s
Renewable fourth-largest carbon emitter with its total
population of 1.3 billion people with power sector
Energy in contributing majorly to the same.
• However, in the recent years, India has made
India: significant progress in field of renewable energy.
• Global climate change concerns have pushed the
Government to develop a detailed plan for clean
and sustainable power for all.
 Future Scope
To conclude, we can say that India has plenty of renewable energy
to bridge the gap between demand and supply so we must
persistently put in efforts to harness various forms of renewable
energy sources with the use of newer technologies to form a clean
and safe place for our coming generations.
Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that
have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy
technologies.

Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other sources of energy
are finite and will some day be depleted.
 •UNIT I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
•Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use,
Importance of renewable sources of energy,
Sustainable Design and development, Types of RE
sources, Limitations of RE sources, Present Indian
and international energy scenario of conventional
Syllabus and RE sources.

•UNIT II WIND ENERGY

•Power in the Wind – Types of Wind Power Plants
(WPPs)–Components of WPPs-Working of WPPs-
Sting of WPPs-Grid integration issues of WPPs.
UNIT III SOLAR PV AND THERMAL SYSTEMS
Solar Radiation, Radiation Measurement, Solar Thermal Power Plant, Central Receiver Power Plants,
Solar Ponds.- Thermal Energy storage system with PCM- Solar Photovoltaic systems : Basic Principle of
SPV conversion – Types of PV Systems- Types of Solar Cells, Photovoltaic cell concepts: Cell, module,
array ,PV Module I-V Characteristics, Efficiency & Quality of the Cell, series and parallel connections,
maximum power point tracking, Applications.

UNIT IV BIOMASS ENERGY

Introduction-Biomas resources –Energy from Bio mas: conversion process- Biomass Cogeneration-
Environmental Benefits. Geothermal Energy: Basics, Direct Use, Geothermal Electricity. Mini/micro
hydro power: Classification of hydropower schemes, Classification of water turbine, Turbine theory,
Essential components of hydroelectric system.

UNIT V OTHER ENERGY SOURCES

Tidal Energy: Energy from the tides, Barrage and Non-Barrage Tidal power systems. Wave Energy: Energy
from waves, wave power devices. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)- Hydrogen Production and
Storage- Fuel cel: Principle of working- various types – construction and applications. Energy Storage
System- Hybrid Energy Systems.
UNIT I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of
renewable sources of energy, Sustainable Design and
development, Types of RE sources, Limitations of RE sources,
Present Indian and international energy scenario of
conventional and RE sources
What Are Fossil Fuels?
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed
from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.
• Oil
• Coal
• Natural gas

Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

• Land degradation
• Water pollution
• Emissions

Burning Fossil Fuels

• Global warming pollution
• Other forms of air pollution
• Ocean acidification
What is the future of fossil fuels?

 Most of the electricity generated , traditionally come from fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural
gas. For generations we have used these fuels to create the energy that powers our homes and businesses,
but this cannot continue indefinitely.  
 Fossil fuels are not renewable, and the remaining stock is continuously running down, and will eventually
be completely depleted.
 The problem though, is not just the issue of supply.
 It is now understood that burning fossil fuels has had a damaging effect on the environment.
 The longer we use them, the worse the damage.

The industrial revolution and its impact:

If we turn the clock back only a few hundred years, we find people burning wood to warm their homes and
cook their food. Towns and village located near rivers could grind their grain using water mills and then use
wood fires to produce bread. The impact of all of this on our planet was relatively small, but with the arrival
of the industrial revolution this all changed.
Fossil fuels such as coal, and then oil and natural gas were dug from the earth and burned to power the
factories springing up everywhere. As industry grew, the air above the populated industrial cities became
heavily polluted with clouds of smoke. Cities like Delhi were often blanketed with fog so thick, that people
lost their way walking through the streets, coughing and with eyes burning!
What causes the Carbon footprint?
• Fossil fuels were formed years ago from the plants and living organisms that
populated the ancient world.
• All living matter is made up largely of the element carbon. and the fossils that formed
retained the carbon that was present in these organisms when they died.
• Carbon burns, and as a result it is a source of energy.
• The problem is that when we burn coal, oil, and natural gas for fuel, this carbon pours
out into the atmosphere.
• There its combines with oxygen to form the gas carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Carbon dioxide is a ‘greenhouse’ gas, therefore it has the effect of trapping the sun’s
energy as it enters the earth’s atmosphere, generating a warming greenhouse effect.
• Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide thus contribute to causing a global warming
effect that scientists are able to quantify.
• Our dependence on burning fossil fuels, thereby releasing the carbon stored in them,
means that we’ve been continuously increasing the carbon ‘footprint’.
Usage of
resources
  Disappearing Arctic ice
 Melting glaciers
 Dying coral reefs.
 Longer periods of drought in some
What will the regions
future bring?  More frequent forest fires
 An increase in the number, duration
and intensity of tropical storms
 The occurrence of more extreme
weather events
 Rising sea levels, and
 Ecosystem changes
Renewable energy uses energy sources are the source of energy In the meantime,
which is continuously regenerated by nature the sun, the wind, world energy needs
water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. Renewable energy technologies are expected to grow
convert this energy into usable forms of energy most often by 33 percent during
electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. the next 20 years.
Why Use Renewable Energy? Renewable energy is
Today we mainly utilize fossil fuels to heat and power our a natural source that
homes and fuel our cars. These energy sources are can help fill the gap.
conventional and easily available to use coal, oil, and natural But the fact is that
gas for meeting our energy needs, but we have a limited even if we had an
supply of these fuels on the Earth. World using this energy unlimited supply of
much more rapidly than they are being created. fossil fuels, using
Subsequently, their source will run out in the future. And renewable energy is
considering state safety concerns and waste disposal better for the
problems, the United States will retire much of its nuclear environment.
capacity by 2020.
We often consider the renewable energy source as the “clean” or “green”
because they produce few if any pollutants. Conventional fossil fuel burning,
leads to greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping the sun’s heat and
contributing to global warming. Environmental researchers said admitted that
the Earth’s average temperature has risen in the past century. If the world
continued using this source in the future, it will sea levels will rise, and
scientists predict that floods, heatwaves, droughts, and other extreme weather
conditions could occur more often. Toxic pollutants are released into the air,
soil, and water when fossil fuels are burned.

These pollutants have a harmful effect on the environment and on humans. The air
pollutant leads to diseases like asthma. Polluted environmental rain of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides harms plants and fish. Nitrogen oxides also lead to smog. The use
of renewable energy will also help us develop energy independence and security
Types of
RES
Renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources or types of renewable energy are listed
below,
• 1) Hydropower Energy
• 2) Bio-energy
• 3) Geothermal Energy
• 4) Solar Energy
• 5) Wind Energy
• 6) Hydrogen
• 7) Ocean Energy
 • Hydropower is our most important and
abundantly available renewable power,
producing about 10 percent of the nation’s
1) electricity. The United States has an existing
Hydropower: hydropower capacity is about 103,000
megawatts (MW). Hydropower plant converts
the energy of running water into electrical
energy by using a turbine generator.
The most common way of generating
hydroelectricity is by constructing
the dam on a river to retain a large
reservoir of water. This stored water
released from the dam through
turbine generators.
Hydropower plant’s energy
production does not have any
harmful gas emission but can affect
water quality and wildlife habitats.
Therefore, hydropower plants are
now optimized and designed to
operate to minimize impacts on the
river.
 • Bio-energy is the energy derived from biomass
(organic matter), such as plants. If you’ve ever
burned wood in a fireplace or campfire, you’ve
used bioenergy. But fact is that we don’t get all
2) Bio- of our biomass resources directly from trees or
energy: other plants. Many industries which are
involved in the construction or the processing of
agricultural products, can create large
quantities of unused or residual biomass, which
can serve as a bio-energy source.
 Bio-power:
After hydropower, biomass is this
world’s second-leading resource of
renewable energy, accounting for
more than 7,000 MW of installed
capacity. Some of the power
generating companies found that
coal power plants have found that
replacing coal with biomass is a low-
cost option to reduce undesirable
emissions. It is around 15 percent of
the coal may be replaced with
biomass. Biomass has less sulfur than
coal.
Additionally, utilizing the biomass in
Biomass composting in landfills generates methane, which can be burned in boilers can reduce nitrous oxide
a boiler to produce steam for electricity generation or industrial processes. A emissions. Gasification is another
type of fuel oil can be produced by heating the biomass in the absence of process in which the conversion of
oxygen to chemically convert it into fuel oil, called Pyrolysis oil. Pyrolysis oil biomass converted into gas, which is
can be used for power generation and as a feedstock or fuels and chemical burned in a gas turbine is another
production. way to generate electricity.
Bio-fuels:
Biomass can be used to produce liquid fuel, called biofuels. This biofuel is easy in transport and
possesses high energy density; they are favored to fuel vehicles and sometimes stationary power
generation. The most used biofuel is ethanol, an alcohol made from the fermentation of biomass
high in carbohydrates.
The current largest source of ethanol is corn. Some of the world’s cities use ethanol as a gasoline
additive to help meet air quality standards for ozone. Flex-fuel vehicles are also now on the
market, which can use a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, such as E85 a mixture of 85 percent
ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

For increasing the availability of biofuel, researchers are testing crop residues such as cornstalk,
food waste leave wood chips, grass, and even trash as potential biofuel sources.
Biobased Products:
Natural agriculture products such as corn, wheat, soybeans, wood, and residues can also be
used to produce chemicals and materials that we normally obtain from petroleum. Some of the
manufacturers started to use cornstarch to produce commodity plastics, such as shrink-wrap,
plastic eating utensils, and even car bumpers. Commercial production of biomass is underway to
make thermoset plastics, like electrical switch plate covers, from wood residues.
 • The Earth’s central core is about 4000 miles below and it
can reach temperatures of 9000°F. These heat energies
flow outward from the core, which can e surrounding
area, which can form underground reservoirs of hot
water and steam.
3) • These reservoirs can be used for various purposes, such
as to generate electricity or heat buildings. We can take
Geothermal advantage of the shallow ground’s stable temperature by
using geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), for heating and
Energy: cooling buildings.
• This energy is available in uppermost 6 miles of the
Earth’s crust amounts to 50,000 times the energy of all oil
and gas resources in the world. In USA geothermal
reservoirs are located in the western states, Alaska, and
Hawaii. GHPs, however, can be used almost anywhere.
• Geothermal Electricity Production:
• Geothermal power plants use the underground
steam or water from wells drilled a mile or more
into the earth. The steam or hot water is lifted
from the well to drive a conventional steam
turbine, which powers an electric generator
• Typically, utilized water is then returned to the
ground to recharge the reservoir and complete the
renewable energy cycle. The geothermal power
plants had three types: dry steam, flash steam, and
binary cycle. Dry steam plants utilize the steam,
while both flash steam and binary cycle plants
draw from reservoirs of hot water.
 • Solar energy is the infinite power of the sun and uses that
energy to produce heat, light, and power. People have
used the sun to heat and light their homes for centuries
as Passive Solar Lighting and Heating.
• Ancient Americans construct their houses cliff walls
directly into south-facing because they knew the sun
4) Solar travels low across the southern sky in the Northern
Hemisphere during the winter. They also understand the
Energy: fact that the massive rock of the cliff would absorb heat
in winter and protect against wind and snow.
• At the same time, the cliff dwelling house design restricts
sunlight during the summer, when the sun is higher in the
sky, keeping their dwellings cool. The new techniques of
sun welcoming design are called passive solar because no
pumps, fans, or other mechanical devices are used.
The most popular and efficient type of
heat collectors is a flat-plate collector,
which is an insulated, weatherproof box
containing a dark absorber plate under a
transparent cover. Evacuated- tube
collectors are made up of transparent
glass parallel tubes.
Each tube of the system made up of a
glass outer and an inner tube, or
absorber, covered with a coating that
absorbs solar energy but inhibits heat
loss. There are concentrating collector
for domestic purpose and usually has the
parabolic-shaped mirrors (like a trough)
that concentrate the sun’s energy on an
absorber tube called a receiver and it is
passed through the mirrored axis and
contains a heat-transfer fluid.
Nowadays, various types of solar
electric systems are available
today, they all consist of basically
three main items: modules that
convert sunlight into electricity;
inverters that convert that
electricity into AC Current so it
can be used by most household
appliances; and possibly or
sometimes batteries that store
excess electricity produced by the
system.
Solar electricity produced in
remote locations is stored in
batteries. These batteries store
the electricity produced by a solar
electric system for up to three
days
 •For hundreds of years, people have used
windmills to harness the wind’s energy.
•Nowadays wind turbine technologies are a much
more efficient technology.
•Wind turbine working principle is too simple that
5) Wind the wind spins turbine blades around a central
Energy: hub; the hub is connected to a shaft, which
powers a generator to make electricity.
•However, turbines of wind power generation
have complicated design power systems that
capture the wind’s energy by means of new blade
designs or airfoils.
Wind turbines that provide electricity to
the utility grid range in size from 50 kW
to or 2 MW. Big wind energy system
projects can have hundreds of turbines
spread over many acres of land. The
small capacity wind turbines of 50 kW
power are used to charge batteries,
electrify homes, pump water for farms
and ranches, and power remote
telecommunications equipment.
Wind power turbine systems can also be
used in the shallow water near a
coastline if open land is limited, such as
in Europe, and/or to take advantage of
strong, offshore winds. Wind power
generation system has been the fastest-
growing source of energy in the world
since 1990, increasing at an average rate
of over 25 percent per year. It’s a trend
driven largely by dramatic
improvements in wind
 • Hydrogen is can produce high
energy as it only produces water as
emission.
• Hydrogen is available in abundant
amount and also it’s simplest. An
6) Hydrogen: atom of hydrogen consists of only
one proton and one electron. But as
it is available in abundance and
simplicity, it doesn’t occur naturally
as a gas on the Earth.
Nowadays industries are producing more
than 4 trillion cubic feet of hydrogen
annually. Mainly the hydrogen is produced
through a process called reforming, which
involves the application of heat to
separate hydrogen from carbon. The
researcher laboratories are developing
highly efficient, advanced reformers to
produce hydrogen from natural gas for
what’s called Proton Exchange Membrane
fuel cells.
Hydrogen energy allows you can think of
fuel cells as batteries that never lose their
charge. Recently developed hydrogen cells
offer tremendous potential to produce
electrical power for distributed energy
systems and vehicles. There is a large
possibility that hydrogen energy could join
electricity as an important “energy
carrier”: storing, moving, and delivering
energy in a usable form to consumers.
7) Ocean Energy: Ocean energy is one of the
important renewable Energy
Sources. The ocean is capable
of producing two types of
energy thermal energy from
the sun’s heat and mechanical
energy from the tides and
waves. Oceans’ thermal
energy can be utilized for many
applications, including
electricity generation.
Electricity generators use
either the warm surface water
or boil the seawater to turn a
turbine, which activates a
generator.
 • The electricity generation by use of both tidal
and wave energy usually involves mechanical
devices. Adam’s system is generally used to
convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing
the water through turbines, activating a
Ocean generator.

Energy/ Tidal • Wave energy used to produce mechanical

power to directly activate a generator or to
transfer to a working fluid, water, or air, which
then drives a turbine/generator. The majority of
oven energy research and development has
been happening in the European regions.
Sustainable Design and
development

Sustainable design seeks

to reduce negative
impacts on the
environment, and the
health and comfort of
building occupants,
thereby improving
building performance.
The basic objectives of
sustainability are to
reduce consumption of
non-renewable
resources, minimize
waste, and create
healthy, productive
environments
Sustainable
design can spark
innovative
approaches and
revolutionary
new products,
and is becoming
an important
business strategy
for controlling
operational costs
and reducing
energy
expenditures.
Consider the breakthrough changes that have occurred over the past
few decades, including:

• Introduction of green products

• Rising cost of traditional energy sources
• Increasing reliance on renewable energy sources
• Continuing depletion of natural resources
• Substantial growth in municipal recycling programs
• Rise in consumer-driven “eco-labeling” programs
• Adoption of carbon legislation by governments worldwide
BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• Assessing sustainability at the product development stage is the most
logical place to start because decisions made when a product is
designed can impact the eco-friendliness and sustainability of
subsequent processes in an exponential fashion.
• Choosing to continue to use an increasingly expensive, scarce, or
harmful material, for instance, can have substantial cost
consequences in manufacturing, purchasing, and sales.
• For example,
• what are the characteristics of the different stages of a product’s lifecycle that hold
the greatest potential for damaging environmental impacts?
• What is the product’s carbon footprint — how much CO2 is released into the
atmosphere as a result of the manufacture and use of the product?
• How much energy does the product consume both during use and while it’s
manufactured?
• Does your product or production process emit gases and compounds into the
atmosphere? Are effluents that can impact vital ecosystems released into waterways
during manufacturing or as a result of the use of your product?

• In-depth assessments of the impact of a product’s lifecycle can be quite elaborate and
detailed. For the purposes of product development, LCA thinking, automated
solutions, and reliable metrics of environmental impacts, which provide guidance on
a design’s potential sustainability, represent simpler, more pragmatic approaches to
incorporating sustainable design in product development than a full, comprehensive
Life Cycle Assessments(LCA).
ADOPTING GREENER DESIGN
• The critical role that sustainability will play in establishing strategic
advantage has already begun. Most business experts anticipate that
sustainability will force companies to rethink their business models to
make their products, technologies, and processes more sustainable,
not just to achieve regulatory compliance or engender goodwill, but
to remain viable and successful.
What the Sustainable
Development?

Matrix is a comprehensive green

development strategy proposed by
Sustainable Land Development
International (SLDI) for ecological
sustainable design for business and
land development best practices
implementation.

Matrix provides a structure for a

triple-bottom-line (people, planet
and profit) ecological sustainable
design tool that is:
Both sustainable and holistic in its
approach

Simple and applicable to virtually

any project, product, or
development
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
• The Sustainable Development Matrix ecological sustainable design
tool is founded on a belief that for anything to sustain itself over time,
it must optimize or balance each of the following human needs:

Utility – the “satisfaction,” “incentive,” “desire,” or “pure state” that is

to be attained.
Effectiveness – doing the “right” things with accuracy and
completeness.
Efficiency – achieving the lowest possible input/output ratio.
Present Indian and international energy
scenario of conventional and RE sources
• India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption, whereas
more than 70% of its primary energy needs are being met through
imports, mainly in the form of crude oil and natural Gas.
• Coming to the power generation in the country, India has increased
installed power capacity from 1362 MW to over 112,058 MW since
independence and electrified more than 500,000 villages.
• This achievement is impressive but not sufficient.
• The electricity consumption per capita for India is just 566 KWh and is
far below most other countries or regions in the world.
• Even though 85% of villages are considered electrified, around 57% of
the rural households and 12% of urban house holds, i.e. 84 million
households in the country, do not have access to electricity.
• Electricity consumption in India is expected to rise to around 2280
BkWh by 2021-22 and around 4500 BkWh by2031-32.