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Benzidine Test
• A sensitive test for the presence
of blood (as in urine or feces)
based on the production of a blue
color upon contact with a solution
of benzidine, hydrogen peroxide,
and glacial acetic acid.
Compositions of blood:
• Iron
• Proteins
• Sodium and Potassium
• Calcium and Magnesium
• Chloride ion
• Phosphate ion
• Glucose
Iron
Proteins
Biuret test (Piotrowski's
test) is a chemical test
used for detecting the
presence of peptide
bonds.
In the presence of
peptides, a copper(II) ion
forms violet-colored
coordination complexes
in an alkaline solution.
• A low total protein level can suggest a liver
disorder, a kidney disorder, or a disorder in
which protein is not digested or absorbed
properly. Low levels may be seen in severe
malnutrition and with conditions that cause
malabsorption, such as celiac disease or
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
• Elevated total protein may indicate:
– inflammation or infections, such as viral hepatitis
B or C, or HIV
– bone marrow disorders, such as multiple
myeloma or Waldenstrom’s disease
Sodium and Potassium
• NaCl- yellow flame
• KCl – violet flame