Unit 5 Chemistry Notes

Chemical Quantities and The Mole

 Covered in class 12/9

What is dimensional analysis?

A method of converting from one unit to a

different unit using equal relationships
Why do we use it?
We use it to compare measurable quantities in the
desired unit.
For example: If one thing is measured in inches and another thing is measure in
centimeters, we must get them into the same unit before we can compare them fairly.
Examples
Stop here!

Do: Introduction to Dimensional Analysis

When you are finished, input your answers on Canvas.

 Covered in class 12/10 and 12/11

Measuring Quantities of STUFF

● A pair of shoes ● 2 shoes

● A dozen eggs ● 12 eggs
● A decade ● 10 years
● A fortnight ● 14 days
● A mole ● 6.02 x 10²³ particles
Not this kind of mole! :)
Why do we use the “mole” to measure chemicals?

It’s unreasonable to try and find the mass of a single atom or

molecule in the lab. However, if you have enough atoms or
molecules, it will actually give you a mass that will register
with the balances we use.
The Mole
● Mole: A unit of measurement for particles, atoms,
or molecules
● Allows chemists to count the number of particles, atoms, or
molecules in a substance and compare different chemicals.

● 1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³ particles/atoms/molecules

○ 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
● 6.02 x 10²³ is also called Avogadro’s number
The Mole
● How many particles are in 1 mole of Copper?
○ 1 mole of Cu = 6.02 x 10²³ particles
● How many atoms are in 1 mole of nickel, Ni?
○ 1 mole of Ni = 6.02 x 10²³ molecules
● How many molecules are in 1 mole of a water, H₂O?
○ 1 mole of H₂O = 6.02 x 10²³ particles
We will stop here for now…

Intro to the Mole Lab

Molar Mass
● Molar Mass: the mass of one mole of an element, compound,
or molecule
● The periodic table lists the mass of one mole of each element.
○ Examples:
■ 1 mole of carbon = 12.011 grams
■ 1 mole of calcium = 40.078 grams
■ 1 mole of zinc = 65.409 grams
Molar mass of a compound or molecule

You must add up the mass of all the elements that make it up.

Carbon 12 g
Oxygen 16 g

grams
Formula Mass Examples

1.008 g + 1.008 g + 15.999 g = 18.015 g

H₂O
12.011 g + 15.999 g + 15.999 g = 44.009 g
CO₂
22.989 g + 35.453 g = 58.442 g
NaCl
24.305 g + 18.998 g + 18.998 g = 62.301 g
MgF₂
Counting Atoms is Important!!

Distribute the subscript

on the outside of the
parentheses to all the
parts inside.

Then multiple molar

mass by how many
atoms of each you have.
Stop here

Canvas: Molar Mass Homework

 Showing Particles and Moles as a Relationship

● 1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³ particles/atoms/molecules

_____1 mole______ 6.02 x10²³ particles
6.02 x10²³ particles
OR 1 mole

● Writing them like “fractions” will help us start to

convert to units that are more meaningful.
We also call these “conversion factors”
 Conversions between atoms and moles

How many moles of zinc is 2.33 x 10²³ atoms?

1. Start with your known information. 2.33 x 10²³ atoms of Zn
______1 mol of Zn________
2. Determine the conversion factor(s).
6.02 x 10²³ atoms of Zn

x ______1 mol of Zn________ =

2.33 x 10²³ atoms of Zn .387 mol of Zn
6.02 x 10²³ atoms of Zn
 Conversions between atoms and moles

How many molecules are in 1.24 mol of F₂?

1. Start with your known information. 1.24 mol of F₂

2. Determine the conversion factor(s). 6.02 x 10²³ molecules of F₂

1 mol of F₂

1.24 mol of F₂ x 6.02 x 10²³ molecules of F₂ = 7.46 x 10²³

1 mol of F₂
molecules of F₂
 Molar Mass and Conversions

The relationship between molar mass and moles is:

1 mole = grams from periodic table
Conversion Factors are:
_____1 mole_C____ ___12.01 g C_____
OR 1 mole C
12.01 g C
Mole Conversions

How many grams are in 2.45 mol of sodium?

Mass of Na from the
2.45 mol Na x ___22.989 g Na_____ periodic table
1 mole Na

2.45 mol Na x ___22.989 g Na_____= 2.45 x 22.989 = 56.3 g Na

1 mole Na
Mole Conversions

How many moles are in 145.8 grams of sulfur?

145.8 g S x _____1 mol_S____ Mass of S from the

32.065 g S periodic table

145.8 g S x _____1 mol_S___ = 145.8 / 32.065 = 4.55 mol S

32.065 g S
Stop Here!

Finish the Mole Conversions Worksheet

 Percent Composition

Percent composition: the percentage of each part in a compound

What the percent composition of CaSO4?
1. Use molar mass to find Ca: 40 g S: 32 g O4: 64 g
mass of each part.
2. Find total molar mass. Total mass: 136 g

3. Divide mass of each part by Ca: 40/136 = .294 x 100 = 29.4%

the total. Then multiply by S: 32/136 = .235 x 100 = 23.5%
O: 64/136 = .471 x 100 = 47.1%
100 for %.
Empirical Formulas

Empirical formula: gives the lowest whole-number ratio of the

atoms or moles of the elements in a compound
Empirical formula NOT empirical formula
CH₄ C₂H₈

To calculate empirical formula, you need to know the percent

composition of a compound (it’s either given or you will
determine it)
Empirical Formula

A compound is found to contain 25.9% nitrogen and 74.1%

oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
25.9 % nitrogen = 25.9 g nitrogen
1. Convert % to grams 74.1 % oxygen = 74.1 g oxygen
(assume sample is 100 g)
25.9 g N x 1 mol N = 1.85 mol N = 1 X 2 = 2
2. Convert grams to moles 14.007 g 1.85
74.1 g O x 1 mol O = 4.63 mol O = 2.5 X 2 = 5
15.999 g 1.85
3. Divide by smallest mole number
4. Make each whole numbers N₂O₅
 Empirical Formula Example

What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains

67.6% Hg, 10.8% S, and 21.3 % O.
67.6 % Hg = 67.6 g Hg
10.8 % S = 10.8 g S
21.3 % O= 21.3 g O

67.6 g Hg x 1 mol Hg = .337mol Hg = 1. =1

200.59 g .337
10.8 g S x 1 mol S = .337 mol S = 1 = 1
32.065 g .337 HgSO₄
21.3 g O x 1 mol O = 1.331 mol O = 3.9496 = 4
15.999 g .337
Molecular Formulas

Molecular formula: either the same as the empirical formula or

a whole number multiple of the empirical
Empirical formula Molecular Formula
CH₄ C₂H₈

In order to determine the molecular formula, you first

must determine the empirical formula.
Molecular Formula

What is the molecular formula of a compound whose molar

mass is 60.0 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH₄N .
Determine the molar mass of C- 12 g Total
the empirical compound H- 1g x 4 = 30.0 g
N- 14 g
Divide molar mass of given 60.0 g___ = 2
compound by the empirical 30.0 g
formula mass.
Multiply each subscript by
the value from last part. CH₄N C₂H₈N₂
Stop here!

Homework:
Accuracy Vs. Precision

Accuracy: a measure of how close a measurement

comes to the actual or true value

Precision: a measure of how close a series of

measurements are to one another
Accurate or Precise?

Poor accuracy Poor accuracy Good accuracy

Poor precision Good precision Good precision
Why is accuracy and precision important in chemistry?

Precision is important because we want results that we

can repeat, whether the results are what we expect or
not.

Accuracy is important because we want to get the

“right” answer during experimentation. (But
obviously this doesn’t always happen.)