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and Equations
Sadananda Konchady
September 2015
Solving Word Problems
• Analyze
– List knowns and unknowns.
– Draw a diagram.
– Devise a plan.
– Write the math equation to be used.
• Calculate
– If needed, rearrange the equation to solve for the
unknown.
– Substitute the knowns with units in the equation and
express the answer with units.
• Evaluate
– Is the answer reasonable?
IMPORTANT CONVERSIONS
Dynamic Viscosity:
1 cP = 0.01 gm/cm-s
= 0.001 N-s/m2
= 0.001 Pa-s
= 0.001 kg/m.s
Kinematic Viscosity:
(Dynamic Viscosity/Density)
1 Stoke = Poise/gm/cm3
= 100 cS
= 1e-4 m/s2
Pressure
1 atm = 1.033 kg/cm2
= 1.013 bar=10.33 mWC
= 14.696 psi
1 bar = 1.02 kg/cm2 = 14.51 psi
= 10.2 mWC
1 kg/cm2 = 14.23 psi
Reynolds Experiment 1883
PIPE VELOCITY THUMBRULE
FOR WATER
Suction
Water 1 1.25
Juice 1 1.2
Syrup 0.5 1
Molasses 0.25 0.5
Massecuites 0.1 0.2
Delivery
1.25 2.5
Water
Juice 1.2 2
Syrup 0.75 1.25
Molasses 0.5 0.75
Massecuites 0.15 0.3
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
WATER / PETROCHEMICAL LIQUIDS
SLURRIES AT LOW CONCENTRATION
REYNOLDS NUMBER
LIQUID PROPERTIES:
LENGTH – 500 FT
DIAMETER – 12 INCH
NO. OF 10 INCH GATE VALVES – 2
NO. OF STD.90 DEGREE ELBOWS --10
21
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT “K”
DEPENDS ON “D”
CV CONVERSION TO “K”
Kinematic Viscosity:
1 Stoke = Poise/gm/cm3
= 100 cS
= 1e-4 m/s2
BINGHAM PLASTIC FLUIDS
CLAY SUSPENDED IN WATER
SEWAGE SLUDGE
COAL SLURRY
FLYASH SLURRY
PAINT SLURRY
PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS
LIMESTONE WATER MIXTURES
HYDROCARBON GREASE
DILATANT FLUIDS
Quick Sand,
Starch suspension in water
RHEOPECTIC FLUID
(VISCOSITY INCREASING WITH TIME)
FOR
WATER
HAZEN WILLIAMS EQUATION
UNWIN EQUATION FOR STEAM
PIPE SIZING
UNWIN EQUATION FOR STEAM
PIPE SIZING
FRITZCHE EQUATION FOR
STEAM PIPE SIZING
FRITZCHE EQUATION FOR
STEAM PIPE SIZING
DENSITY OF AIR
STANDARD AIR (FREE AIR)
COMPRESSOR PROBLEM
3. PROCESS PIPING
5. REFRIGERATION PIPING
59
Fittings Loss Factors
References
For most pipe fittings, and Area changes,
Entrance/Exit loss
Crane Co., Flow of Fluids Through Valves,
Fittings, and Pipe, Technical Paper No.
410, Crane Co., Joliet, IL, 1988.
Option for Valves, Check Valves, and
Orifices
Idelchik, I. E., Handbook of Hydraulic
Resistance, 3rd edition, CRC Press,
60 Boca
Recommended
Reference
61
THANK YOU