Mathematical Modeling of a Residential Air-

conditioning System.
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET

S.M . Mohaiminul islam Md. Shihabuzzaman

 Evaporator

1 2
Air side HT Co-efficient code Refrigerant side HT Co-efficient
code
Output :
• Air Side (Heat transfer coefficient)
Output :
• Refrigerant (Heat transfer coefficient)
Input:
• Geometrical Parameters Input:
• Air velocity • Refrigerant flow rate
• Air temperature • Evaporator pressure
• Geometrical Parameters

3
Total power consumed by the fan.

Output :
• Power input needed.

Input:
• Friction factor of fins.
• Friction factor of tubes.
• Face velocity over the evaporator tubes.
 Evaporator

4
Air side – Surface efficiency

Output :
• Surface efficiency air side.

Input:
• Geometrical Parameters
• Air side heat-transfer coefficient.
• Heat exchanger material.
 Evaporator
5
Overall Heat transferred.

Output :
• Total heat transferred.

Input:
• Refrigerant side heat transfer coefficient.
• Air-side heat transfer co-efficient.
• Face velocity over the evaporator tubes.
 COMPRESSOR
Overall Power required.

Output :
• Total heat transferred.

Input:
• Refrigerant mass & flow rate.
• Pressure of Evaporator & Condenser.
• Isentropic expansion coefficient of refrigerant.
 Evaporator
(Air Side)
"Evaporator Air Side" {All input data in mm}

Tair_evap= 33 [c]
Pair_evap=101.325
Vair_evap = 800 [m^3/hr]
rho_airevap = density(Air,T=Tair_evap,P=Pair_evap)
mair_evap = Vair_evap*rho_airevap*convert(1/hr,1/s)
Bair_e=28.5 [mm] "Vertical spacing between the tubes ina row"
Cair_e=24.2 [mm] "Spacing between the tubes in different rows"
tair_fe=.006*convert(in,mm) "Thickness of the fins"
d_oe=7.5 [mm] " Tube outer diameter"
Dair_e=1.7 [mm] "Center to center distance between the fins"
Hair_e=500 [mm] "Height of the Evaporator"
Wair_e=139 [mm] "Width of the evaporator"
Nair_e=2 "no of rows" "Number of rows in the direction of flow in the evaporator"
A_be = (pi*d_oe/1000)*(Wair_e/Dair_e)*(Hair_e/Bair_e)*((Dair_e-tair_fe)/1000)
"Bare Tube area"
A_fe = (Wair_e/Dair_e)*2*(Nair_e*(Cair_e/1000)-((Hair_e/Bair_e)*pi*(d_oe/1000)^2/4)) "Fin
area"
A_me = (Wair_e/Dair_e)*((Dair_e-tair_fe)/1000)*((Hair_e/1000)-(Hair_e/Bair_e)*(d_oe/1000))
"Minimum Flow area"
A_oe= A_be+A_fe "Total evaporator area"
Peri_e= A_oe/(Nair_e*Cair_e/1000) "Wetter Perimeter of the evaporator"
D_he= 4*A_me/Peri_e "Hydrolic diameter of the evaporator"
Afrontal_e= 0.500*0.139 [m^2] "Frontal area of the evaporator"
Test_evap= A_me/Afrontal_e "Minimum flow area to frontal area ratio"
Gemax_airevap=mair_evap/A_me "maximum mass velocity in the air side of the
evaporator“
mu_airevap=viscosity(Air,T=Tair_evap)
Re_airevap=(Gemax_airevap*D_he)/mu_airevap
Pr_airevap=prandtl(Air,T=Tair_evap)
K_airevap=conductivity(Air,T=Tair_evap)
h_airevap=.117*Re_airevap^.65*Pr_airevap^.66*(K_airevap/D_he)
 Evaporator
(Refrigerant Side)

"Evaporator refrigerant side code"

Ref$= 'R22'
{q_evap=(5250)
m_re=(Q_evap)/((En_refve*1000)-(En_refle*1000))}
d_ie= 7 *convert(mm,m)
Ai_re= pi*(d_ie^2)/4 [m^2]
m_re= 0.0285[kg/s]
G_re= m_re/Ai_re
Pref_e = 900[kpa]
X_ive = .1
X_Ile=1-x_ive
X_ove= .9
x_ole=1-x_ove
L_evap =40 [m]
T_evsat = Temperature(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=0)
mu_refle= viscosity(Ref$,t=T_evsat,x=0)
k_refle=conductivity(Ref$, T=T_evsat, X=0)
En_refve= enthalpy(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=1)
En_refle=enthalpy(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=0)
Ifg_re=En_refve-En_refle
Re_refe=G_re*d_ie/mu_refle
c_conste= 0.0082 "Constant in the equation for calculating
evaporative heat transfer coefficient"
n_conste=0.4 "Constant in the equation for calculating
evaporative heat transfer coefficient"
A= ((x_ove-x_ive)*(ifg_re*1000)/(L_evap*9.8))
h_re =C_conste*(k_refle/d_ie)*((Re_refe^2*A))^n_conste
A_retotal= Pi*d_ie*L_evap
 Evaporator
(Air side Surface Efficiency)

"Evaporator air side surface efficiency code"

{Bair_e = 21
Cair_e = 18.16
tair_fe = .006*convert (in,mm)
d_oe= 7
h_airevap=87}

kcopper_finevap = k_('Copper',30) "Heat exchanger material"

Lfin_evap = Bair_e/2
Mfin_evap = ((Bair_e/2)^2 + Cair_e^2)^.5/2
Beta_finevap = Lfin_evap/Mfin_evap
Shi_finevap = Mfin_evap/(d_oe/2)
R_by_rfinevap = 1.27*Shi_finevap*(Beta_finevap-0.3)^.5
Phi_finevap = (R_by_rfinevap -1 )*(1+ 0.35*ln(R_by_rfinevap))

m_finevap = ((2*h_airevap)/(kcopper_finevap*(tair_fe/1000)))^.5

Eta_finevap =
tanh(m_finevap*(d_oe/(2*1000))*Phi_finevap)/(m_finevap*(d_oe/(2*1000))*Phi_finevap)

Eta_surfaceevap = 1-(A_fe/A_oe)*(1-Eta_finevap)
 Evaporator
(Power consumed by the fan)

"Evaporator fan power consumed"

Re_levap = ((Gemax_airevap*Cair_e*convert(mm,m))/(mu_airevap))
f_fin_e= ((Re_levap)^(-0.5))
v_me= 0.78 [m^3/kg]
P_fin_e = f_fin_e*v_me*(Gemax_airevap^2/2)*(A_fe/A_me)

"Pressure drop in the tubes"

{Vair_evap= 800 [m^3/hr]}
{mair_evap = V_dot_ac*1.146*convert(1/hr,1/s)}
{Nair_e=2}
{D_oe= 13.34*convert (mm,m)}
{Height_c= 0.500 [m]
Width_c= 0.139 [m]
A_c = Height_c*Width_c}
V_ac=(Vair_evap*convert(1/hr,1/sec))/Afrontal_e
a_test_evapfan= Cair_e/D_oe
q_cst_e = 0.343
r_cst_e = 0.303*10^3
s_cst_e = -0.717*10^5
t_cst_e = 0.880*10^7
u_e = -0.380*10^9
eu_c_e= q_cst_e + (r_cst_e/Re_D_e)+(s_cst_e/Re_d_e^2)+(t_cst_e/Re_d_e^3)+(u_e/Re_D_e^4)
Re_D_e= (gemax_airevap*(D_oe*convert(mm,m)))/mu_airevap
P_tube_e = ((eu_c_e)*(Gemax_airevap^2)*Nair_e)/(2*rho_airevap)
P_total_e= P_fin_e + P_tube_e

W_fan_e = (V_ac*P_total_e*Afrontal_e)/(0.70)
 Evaporator
(Total heat absorbed)

"Evaporator total heat absorbed code"

Cpref_e=specheat(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=1) "Considering the

specheat of vapor phase of the refrigerant"
Cpair_e=specheat(Air,T=Tair_evap)
{Cpmin_e=Cpair_e}

UA_evap=1/((1/(h_re*A_retotal))+(1/
(h_airevap*A_oe*Eta_surfaceevap)))

NTU_evap=UA_evap/(Cpair_e*mair_evap*1000)

epsilon_evap= 1- exp(-NTU_evap)

Qmax_evap=(Cpair_e*1000)*(Tair_evap-T_evsat)*mair_evap

Q_evap=epsilon_evap*Qmax_evap
 Condenser
(Air side)

"Condenser Air Side" {All input data in mm}

{Tair_cond=30 [c]}
Pair_cond= 101.325 [kpa]
Vair_cond = 800 [m^3/hr]
rho_aircond = density(Air,T=Tair_cond,P=Pair_cond)
mair_cond = Vair_cond*rho_aircond*convert(1/hr,1/s)
Bair_c=25 [mm] "Vertical spacing between the tubes ina row"
Cair_c=20.8 [mm] "Spacing between the tubes in different
rows"
tair_fc=.006*convert(in,mm) "Thickness of the fins"
Dair_c=1.5 [mm] "Center to center distance between the fins"
d_oc=5.5 [mm] " Tube outer diameter"
Hair_c=500 [mm]
Wair_c=139 [mm]
Nair_c=2 "no of rows"
A_bc = (pi*d_oc/1000)*(Wair_c/Dair_c)*(Hair_c/Bair_c)*((Dair_c-
tair_fc)/1000) "Bare Tube area"
A_fc= (Wair_c/Dair_c)*2*(Nair_c*(Cair_c/1000)-
((Hair_c/Bair_c)*pi*(d_oc/1000)^2/4)) "Fin area"
A_mc = (Wair_c/Dair_c)*((Dair_c-tair_fc)/1000)*((Hair_c/1000)-
(Hair_c/Bair_c)*(d_oc/1000)) "Minimum Flow area"
A_oc= A_bc +A_fc
Peri_c= A_oc/(Nair_c*Cair_c/1000)
D_hc= 4*A_mc/Peri_c
Afrontal_c= .500*.139 [m^2]
Test_cond= A_mc/Afrontal_c
Gemax_aircond=mair_cond/A_mc
mu_aircond=viscosity(Air,T=Tair_cond)
Re_aircond=(Gemax_aircond*D_hc)/mu_aircond
Pr_aircond=prandtl(Air,T=Tair_cond)
K_aircond=conductivity(Air,T=Tair_cond)
h_aircond=.117*Re_aircond^.65*Pr_aircond^.66*(K_aircond/D_hc)
 Condenser
(Refrigerant Side)
"Condenser refrigerant side"
{Ref$ = 'R22' } " Refrigerant used"
d_ic= 5*convert(mm,m) " Internal diameter of the condenser tubes"
m_c= 0.0285 [kg/s] "mass flow of refrigerant"
Outair_tc=35 [C] "Ambient air temperature"
x_ivc=1.0 "Vapor fraction at condenser inlet"
x_ilc=(1-x_ivc)
x_ovc=0 "Vapor fraction at condenser outlet"
x_olc=(1-x_ovc)
P_c=2200[kpa] " Inlet pressure of Condeser tubes"
L_cond=40[m] " Total length of the condeser tubes"

k_lc=conductivity(Ref$,P=p_c,x=0) "Conductivity of the refrigerant in liquid state"

T_cdsat=temperature(Ref$,P=P_c,x=1) " Saturation temperature of the refrigerant

at the condenser pressure"
En_lc = enthalpy(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) "Enthalpy of the refrigerant in liquid state
at the saturation temperature in the condeser pressure"
En_vc=enthalpy(Ref$,P=P_c,X=1) " Enthalpy of the refrigerant in the vapor
state at the saturation temperature in the condenser pressure"
ifg_c=En_vc-En_lc "Enthalpy of vaporation of the refrigerant"

mu_lc=viscosity(Ref$,p=P_c,x=0) "Visocity of the refrigerant in liquid state"

rho_lc=density(Ref$,p=P_c,x=0) "density of the refrigerant in liquid state"
rho_vc=density(Ref$,p=P_c,x=1) "density of the refrigerant in the vapor phase"
A_c2= (pi*d_ic^2)/4 [m^2] " internal cross-sectional area of the
condenser tubes"
G_lavg= (((x_ilc+x_olc)/2)*m_c)/A_c2 " Average mass velocity of the liquid fraction
of the refrigerant in the condenser"
G_vavg=(((x_ivc+x_ovc)/2)*m_c)/A_c2 " Average mass velocity of the vapor fraction
of the refrigerant in the condenser"
 Condenser
(Refrigerant side)

Test_1c= (d_ic*G_lavg)/mu_lc
Test_2c=((d_ic*G_vavg)/mu_lc)*(rho_lc/rho_vc)^0.5

c_pl=specheat(Ref$,p=p_c,x=0) "
specific heat of the liquid phase of the refrigerant "
deltat_c = Temperature(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) - Outair_tc
"Temperature difference between the Refrigerant and tubewall"
Pr_l=prandtl(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) "
Prandtl number of the refrigerant in liquid phase"

h_rc= 13.8*(Pr_l)^(1/3)
*(k_lc/d_ic)*((ifg_c*1000)/(c_pl*deltat_c))^(1/6)*Test_2c^0.2 "
heat transfer coefficient of the tube side of the condenser"

A_rctotal= pi*d_ic*L_cond
" total heat transfer area of the tube-side of the condenser"
 Condenser
(Air-side Surface efficiency)

"Condenser air side surface efficiency code"

{Bair_c = 25
Cair_c = 20.8
tair_fc = .006*convert (in,mm)
d_oc= 5.5
h_aircond=87}

kcopper_fincond = k_('Copper',30) "Heat exchanger material"

Lfin_cond = Bair_c/2
Mfin_cond = ((Bair_c/2)^2 + Cair_c^2)^.5/2
Beta_fincond = Lfin_cond/Mfin_cond
Shi_fincond = Mfin_cond/(d_oc/2)
R_by_rfincond = 1.27*Shi_fincond*(Beta_fincond-0.3)^.5
Phi_fincond = (R_by_rfincond -1 )*(1+ 0.35*ln(R_by_rfincond))

m_fincond = ((2*h_aircond)/(kcopper_fincond*(tair_fc/1000)))^.5
Eta_fincond = tanh(m_fincond*(d_oc/(2*1000))*Phi_fincond)/(m_fincond*(d_oc/(2*1000))*Phi_f
Eta_surfacecond = 1-(A_fc/A_oc)*(1-Eta_fincond)
 Condenser
(Fan power consumed)

"Pressure drop in fins"

{Ge_max=mair_evap/A_min
X_l= .02757 [m]}

Re_lcond = ((Gemax_aircond*Cair_c*convert(mm,m))/(mu_aircond))
f_fin_c= ((Re_lcond)^(-0.5))
{A_fe = 6.6 [m^2]
A_me=.053 [m^2]}
v_mc= 0.78 [m^3/kg]
P_fin_c = f_fin_c*v_mc*(Gemax_aircond^2/2)*(A_fc/A_mc)
"Pressure drop in the tubes"
{Vair_cond= 800 [m^3/hr]}
V_acc=(Vair_cond*convert(1/hr,1/sec))/Afrontal_c
{mair_cond = V_dot_ac*1.146*convert(1/hr,1/s)}

{Height_c= 0.500 [m]

Width_c= 0.139 [m]
A_c = Height_c*Width_c}
{Nair_e=2}
{D_oe= 13.34*convert (mm,m)}
a_test_condfan= Cair_c/d_oc
q_cst_c = 0.343
r_cst_c = 0.303*10^3
s_cst_c = -0.717*10^5
t_cst_c = 0.880*10^7
u_c = -0.380*10^9
eu_c_c= q_cst_c + (r_cst_c/Re_D_c)+(s_cst_c/Re_d_c^2)+(t_cst_c/Re_d_c^3)+(u_c/Re_D
Re_D_c= (Gemax_aircond*(D_oc*convert(mm,m)))/mu_aircond
P_tube_c = ((eu_c_c)*(Gemax_aircond^2)*Nair_c)/(2*rho_aircond)
P_total_c= P_fin_c + P_tube_c
W_fan_c = (V_acc*P_total_c*Afrontal_c)/(0.75)
 Condenser
(Total heat rejected)

"Total condenser"

Cpair_c=specheat(Air,T=Tair_cond)
Cpref_c=specheat(Ref$,P=P_c,x=1) "Considering the specheat
of the vapor phase of the refrigerant"
{Cpmin_c=Cpair_e}

UA_cond=1/((1/(h_rc*A_rctotal))+(1/
(h_aircond*A_oc*Eta_surfacecond)))

NTU_cond=UA_cond/(Cpair_c*1000*mair_cond)

epsilon_cond= 1- exp(-NTU_cond)

Qmax_cond=(Cpair_c*1000)*(T_cdsat-Tair_cond)*mair_cond

Q_cond=epsilon_cond*Qmax_cond
 COMPRESSOR
(Power Rec

gamma= 1.106

Mass_R22=84
R=8.314/Mass_R22

W_C = R*(T_evsat+273)*((gamma)/(gamma-1))*((((P_c)/(Pref_e))^(((gamma-1)/
(gamma))))-1)

WREAL_C=m_re*(W_C*1000)

COP=Q_evap/(WREAL_C+W_FAN_E+w_fan_c)

W_total = WREAL_C+W_FAN_E+w_fan_c
If you keep the air flow constant & increase the heat transfer , then surely the outlet temperature of air will
increase. (According to energy conservation principles)

Dilemma:
If we want to have more heat flow we need more Delta t ( More pressure in the condenser)
But higher temperature of the Refrigerant decreases the heat transfer co eff of the condenser.

I should always try to have as high HT coeff possible. As it is a one time investment.
So I should keep all the process variables at such an optimum level that I achieve a good heat flow
but I Also have a good heat transfer co-efficient.
Increasing air flow through the fan to the condenser is decreasing the outlet air temperature.
(Air velocity in the evaporator)
Locus Optimus
 Effect of different materials
In the overall HT Co-efficient