BINARY CODED

DECIMAL(BCD)
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION

Mrs. G. Bindu Madhavi(Ph.D)

Assistant Professor
Anurag University

1
Human perception

 We naturally live in a base 10 environment

 Computer exist in a base 2 environment
 So give the computer/digital system the task of doing the
conversions for us.

2
Binary Codes

 “An n-bit binary code is a group of n bits that assume up to 2n distinct

combinations of 1s and 0s, with each combination representing one element
of the set being coded”

 For the 10 digits need a 4 bit code. One code is called Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD)

3
 Decimal and BCD

 The BCD is simply the 4 bit representation of

the decimal digit.
 For multiple digit base 10 numbers, each
symbol is represented by its BCD digit
 What happened to 6 digits not used?

4
BCD ADDITION

 Consider the following BCD operation

 Decimal: Add 4 + 1
 Covert to binary 0100
 And 0001
 Getting 0101
 Which is still a BCD representation of a decimal digit

5
Another Example

 A second example
 3 0011
 +3 0011
 Getting 6 or 0 1 1 0
 And in range and a BCD digit representation

6
And now

 Consider 5 + 5
 5 0101
 +5 0101
 giving 1 0 1 0 which is binary 10 but not a BCD digit!
 What to do?
 Try adding 6??
 Why only 6?

7
Adding 6

 Had 1010 and want to add 6 or 0110

 so 1010
 plus 6 0 1 1 0
 Giving 1 0 0 0 0
 Or a carry out to the next binary digit, or if the binary in BCD, the next
BCD digit.

8
Another carry example

 Add 7 + 6
 have 7 0111
 plus 6 0 1 1 0
 Giving 1 1 0 1 and again out of range
 Adding 6 0110
 Giving 1 0 0 1 1 so a 1 carries out to the next BCD digit
 FINAL BCD answer 0001 0011 or 1310

9
Multibit BCD ADDITION

 Add the BCD for 417 to 195

 Would expect to get 612
 BCD setup - start with Least Significant Digit
 0100 0001 0111
 0001 1001 0101
 1100
 Adding 6 0110
 Gives 10010

10
Continuing…..

 Had a carry to the 2nd BCD digit position

 1
 0100 0001 done
 0001 1001 0010
 1011
 Again must add 6 0 1 1 0
 Giving 1 0001
 And another carry

11
Still Continuing ….

 Had a carry to the 3rd BCD digit position

 1
 0100 done done
 0001 0001 0010
 0110
 And answer is 0110 0001 0010 or the BCD for the base 10 number 612

12
BCD SUBTRACTION

 RECAP…..
 we will use 8-4-2-1 bcd
 Decimal numbers > 9 may be obtained when adding two decimal digits
(range: 0-19) i.e. 0 to 9 + 9+1. only 09 have the correct bcd code. • we
need to correct the others
 0 to 9 only legal codes e.g. 19 = 1 9 = 0001 1001 = 11001 thus, for sums
between 10 to 18 must subtract 10 and produce a carry subtract 10 = 1010 2
>> add 2’s complement = 0110

13
BCD SUBTRACTION

 RECALL FOR DECIMAL SUBTRACTION:

 A – B = A + [9’s COMPLEMENT OF B]
 similarly for BCD rules:
 (a) add 9’s comp. of b to a
 (b) If result > 9, correct by adding 0110
 (c)If most significant carry is produced [i.e. =1] then the result is positive
and the end around carry must be added.
 (d) If most significant carry is 0 [i.e. no carry] then the result is negative
and we get the 9’s comp. of the result

14
BCD SUBTRACTION

 9’s complement
 The 9’s complement of a decimal number is found by subtracting each
digit in the number from 9

Decimal Digit 9’s Complement

0 9
1 8
2 7
. .
. .
. .
9 0 15
BCD SUBTRACTION

 E.G. 9’s COMPLEMENT of 28 = 99 –28 = 71

 9’s COMPLEMENT of 562 = 999 –562 = 437
 SUBTRACTION OF A SMALLER DECIMAL NUMBER FROM A
LARGER ONE CAN BE DONE BY ADDING THE 9’s COMPLEMENT
OF THE SMALLER NUMBER TO THE LARGER NUMBER AND
THEN ADDING THE CARRY TO THE RESULT (END AROUND
CARRY).
 WHEN SUBTRACTING A LARGER NUMBER FROM A SMALLER
ONE THERE IS NO CARRY AND THE RESULT IS IN 9’s
COMPLEMENT FORM AND NEGTIVE.

16
BCD SUBTRACTION

 EXAMPLES: (a) +8 +8
 -3 +6 (9’s Complement of 3)
 (1) 4
 +1 END AROUND CARRY
 = 5

17
BCD SUBTRACTION

 87 –39 >>> 87 + [9’s COMP OF 39]

 8 7 =1000 0111
 6 0 =0110 0000
 1110 0111
 invalid 0110
 (1) 0100 0111
 1
 0100 1000
 = 4 8

18
BCD SUBTRACTION

 18 –72 >>> 18 + [27]

 18= 0001 1000
 27= 0010 0111
 0011 1111 NO CARRY NEGATIVE
 1 0110 Correction
 10101
 0100 0101
 4 5 = -54
 OUTPUT IS A NEGATIVE NUMBER >> THE RESULT IS IN 9’s COMP.
FORM

19
ASSIGNMENT

 PERFORM BCD ADDITION

 (i) 23+89
 (ii) 302+157
 PERFORM BCD SUBTRACTION
 (i) 13-67
 (ii) 45-23
 (iii) 678-456
 (iv) 340-675

20
THANK YOU

21