Chapter 06

Industrial Hydraulics
Visual Aids
Chapter 6
F itt in g s
Pum ps V a lv e s
H oses
R e s e r v o ir
C y lin d e r s
M a n ifo ld s
F ig u r e 6 - 1 S o u r c e s o f b u ilt - in c o n ta m in a t io n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
O IL
F ig u r e 6 - 2 N e w f lu id g a th e r s c o n t a m in a tio n d u r in g h a n d lin g
F ill C a p
C y l in d e r
R o d S e a ls
S e r v ic e
O IL
N ew
C le a n o u t O il
P la te
F ig u r e 6 - 3 S o u r c e s o f in g re s s e d c o n t a m in a t io n
O ne Body
F l u id
Tw o Body
T h re e B o d y
F ig u r e 6 - 4 C la s s e s o f a b r a s io n
F ig u r e 6 - 5 S u r f a c e f a t ig u e a n d c o n t a m in a n t g e n e r a t io n
H ig h V e lo c it y M ic r o je t F o r m a t io n
F ig u r e 6 - 6 P r o c e s s o f c a v ita tio n a n d a e r a tio n d a m a g e

V a p o r B u b b le s Im p lo d e
V a p o r B u b b le s F o r m
E r o s io n
R e s t r ic tio n
F ig u r e 6 - 7 P u m p c a v it a t io n
F ig u r e 6 - 8 P u m p a e r a t io n
W E A R M E T A L S , A D D IT IV E S , A N D C O N T A M IN A N T S
Iro n (F e ) P u m p s , v a lv e s , c y lin d e r s , o r o x id a t io n
C o p p e r (C u ) B u s h in g s , c y lin d e r s o r, o x id a t io n
L e a d (P b ) B u s h in g s
T in ( S n ) B u s h in g s o r p la t in g
C h r o m iu m ( C r ) V a lv e s p o o ls , c y lin d e r s , o r p la tin g
A lu m in u m ( A l) G e a r p u m p s , v a lv e s , o r fille r s
N ic k e l ( N i) W e a r f r o m v a lv e s o r tu b in g
S ilic o n ( S i) A ir b o r n e d ir t fr o m p r o c e s s o r o p e r a tio n c o o la n t
Z in c ( Z n ) O il a d d it iv e , a n tiw e a r, o r b u s h in g s 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 P P M ty p ic a l
P h o s p h o ru s (P ) O il a d d it iv e , a n tiw e a r ( P a r t o f Z D P p a c k a g e )
C a lc iu m ( C a ) O il a d d it iv e , d e te r g e n t 5 0 P P M ty p ic a l
B a r iu m ( B a ) O il a d d it iv e , d e te r g e n t
M a g n e s iu m ( M g ) O il a d d it iv e , d e te r g e n t
B o ro n (B ) O il a d d it iv e , d e te r g e n t
F ig u r e 6 - 9 S o u r c e s o f w e a r m e t a ls , a d d it iv e s , a n d c o n ta m in a n t s
C o n t a m in a tio n c o n tr o l in h y d r a u lic s y s t e m s
L o s s o f U s e f u ln e s s
O b s o le s c e n c e A c c id e n ts
15% 15%
S u rfa c e D e g r a d a tio n
70%
C o rr o s io n M e c h a n ic a l W e a r
20% 50%
A b ra s io n F a t ig u e A d h e s io n
F ig u re 6 - 1 0 M I T s tu d y o f h y d r a u lic s y s t e m f a ilu r e s
C LE A R A N C E IN C H E S
C O M P O N E N T L O C A T IO N M IC R O N S
G e a r to s id e p la te 1 /2 - 5 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 2
G ear P um p
G e a r tip to c a s e 1 /2 - 5 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 2
T ip o f v a n e 1 /2 - 1 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 0 4
Vane P um p
S id e s o f v a n e 5 - 13 0 .0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 5
P is t o n t o b o r e 5 - 40 0 .0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 1 5
P is t o n P u m p
V a lv e p la te to c y lin d e r 1 /2 - 5 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 2
O rific e 130 - 450 0 .0 0 5 -0 .0 1 8
S e r v o V a lv e F la p p e r w a ll 18 - 63 0 .0 0 0 7 -0 .0 0 2 5
S p o o l s le e v e 1 - 4 0 .0 0 0 0 5 -0 .0 0 0 1 5
O rific e 1 3 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0 0 .0 0 5 -0 .4
S p o o l s le e v e 1 - 23 0 .0 0 0 0 5 -0 .0 0 0 9
C o n tro l V a lv e
D is k t y p e 1 /2 - 1 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -0 .0 0 0 0 4
P o p p e t ty p e 13 - 40 0 .0 0 0 5 -0 .0 0 1 5
A c tu a to rs 50 - 250 0 .0 0 2 -0 .0 1
H y d r o s ta tic B e a r in g s 0 - 25 0 .0 0 0 0 5 -0 .0 0 1
A n tifr ic tio n B e a r in g s 1 /2 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -
S lid e B e a r in g s 1 /2 0 .0 0 0 0 2 -
F ig u r e 6 - 1 1 T y p ic a l m a n u f a c tu r e d c le a r a n c e s in h y d r a u lic c o m p o n e n ts
P a r tic le la r g e r P a r tic le n e a r S ilt p a r tic le s
th a n c le a ra n c e c le a ra n c e s iz e
P a r tic le s th a t a r e t h e s a m e s iz e o r s lig h tly s m a lle r t h a n th e c le a r a n c e s b e tw e e n

m o v in g s u r f a c e s w ill in t e r a c t w ith b o t h s u r f a c e s t o c a u s e w e a r. V e r y la r g e p a r t ic le s
d o n o t n o r m a lly g e t in t o c r itic a l c le a r a n c e , b u t m a y im p e d e lu b r ic a t io n o r c a u s e c o m -
p o n e n t m a lf u n c t io n . V e r y s m a ll p a r tic le s ( le s s th a n o n e m ic r o m e t e r ) u s u a lly f lo w
t h r o u g h w ith o u t a b r a d in g e ith e r s u r fa c e
F ig u r e 6 - 1 2 B e h a v io r o f c o n t a m in a t io n p a r tic le s in c le a r a n c e s
ns - 100 M
M ic r o esh
149 1 5 M ic r o n s
2 M ic r o n s
ic r o n s
74 M
M ic r o n s
44 2 5 M ic r o n s
5 M ic r o n s
325
M esh
200 M esh 4 0 M ic r o n s
1 0 M ic r o n s
G r a in o f s a lt . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 1 0 0 M ic r o n s
A v e r a g e h u m a n h a ir .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... .. . .. .. . ... ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . ... . . . . . .. ... . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 7 4 M ic ro n s
L i m i t o f v i s ib il it y t o u n a i d e d h u m a n e y e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 M ic ro n s
W h it e b lo o d c e lls . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . 2 5 M ic ro n s
R e d b lo o d c e lls .. ... . . . .. . .. . ... . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. . .. ... . . . . . ... . . . . . 8 M ic r o n s
B a c t e r ia ( C O C C I ) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 2 M ic r o n s
1 In c h .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2 5 . 4 M illim e t e r s 25 ,4 0 0 M ic r o n s
1 M illim e t e r . . . . ... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. 0 . 0 3 9 4 I n c h e s 1 ,0 0 0 M ic r o n s
1 M ic r o n . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . ... . .. . . . . ... . . ... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . ... . .. .. . .. .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. 0 .0 0 1 M illim e t e r s
1 M ic r o n . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . ... . .. . . . . ... . . ... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . ... . .. .. . .. .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. 0 .0 0 003 9 In c h e s
M eshes per U .S . O p e n in g i n O p e n in g i n
li n e a r in c h S ie v e n u m b e r in c h e s m ic r o n s
5 2 .3 6 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 50 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 . 0 1 1 7 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. .. 2 9 7
7 2 .4 5 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 70 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 . 0 0 8 3 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. .. 2 1 0
1 0 1 .1 0 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 100 0 .0 0 5 9 14 9
1 4 2 .8 6 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 140 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 .0 0 4 1 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. .. 10 5
2 0 0 .0 0 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 200 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 .0 0 2 9 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. ... .7 4
2 7 0 .2 6 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 270 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 .0 0 2 1 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. ... .5 3
3 2 3 .0 0 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... . 325 . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 0 .0 0 1 7 . .. ....... .. .... ..... .. .. ... .4 4
0 .0 0 0 3 9 . .......... ...... ..... ... .1 0
0 .0 0 0 0 1 9 ......... ...... ..... ... .5
F ig u r e 6 - 1 3 P a r t ic le s iz e r e la t io n s h i p s
V a n e t ip t o
c a m r in g
V a n e to
ro to r s lo t
R o to r a n d v a n e s
to s id e p la te s
F ig u r e 6 .1 4 C r it ic a l c le a r a n c e a r e a s in a b a la n c e d v a n e p u m p
T o o th
to
C ase
B e a r in g s
T o o th
to
T o o th
F ig u r e 6 - 1 5 C rit ic a l c le a ra n c e a re a s in g e a r p u m p s
B a ll t o S h o e P is t o n t o C y lin d e r B lo c k
S h o e t o S w a s h p la t e C y lin d e r to V a lv e P la te
F ig u r e 6 - 1 6 C r it ic a l c le a r a n c e a re a s in p is t o n p u m p s
Ta n k P re s s u re Ta n k
P o rt P o rt P o rt
C y lin d e r C y lin d e r
S p r in g R e tu rn P re s s u re S p r in g
F o rce P o rt P o rt F o rc e
F lo w F o r c e A x P
F ig u r e 6 -1 7 S p o o l fo r c e s in d ir e c t io n a l v a lv e s
F ig u r e 6 - 1 8 S ilt in g le a d s t o s p o o l b in d in g
F lo w
F ig u r e 6 - 1 9 H ig h v e lo c it y c o n t a m in a tio n e r o d e s m e t e r in g s u r f a c e s
E q u a l A re a
G r o o v e O rific e F la t C u t O r if ic e
Spool Spool
F ig u r e 6 - 2 0 F lo w c o n t r o l v a lv e t h r o t tle s e c t io n s
B a ll V a lv e H y p o d e r m ic T u b in g
F lu id S a m p lin g P o r t
F ig u re 6 - 2 1 In - lin e s a m p lin g m e t h o d
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 L IN E
F E E D
T a r g e t-P r o
F ig u r e 6 - 2 2 W h it e lig h t ty p e o f a u to m a t ic p a r t ic le c o u n t e r
N o . o f P a r tic le s
p e r m illilite r R ange
N um ber
m o re th a n u p to
80k 160k 24
40k
20k
80k
40k
23
22
18 16 13
2 m 5 m 15 m
10k 20k 21
5k 10k 20
2 ,5 0 0 5k 19
1 ,3 0 0 2 ,5 0 0 18
640 1 ,3 0 0 17
320 640 16
160 320 15
80 160 14
40 80 13
20 40 12
P a r tic le N o. of 10 20 11
S iz e P a r tic le s 5 10 10
'x ' > 'x '
in in 1 m l 2 .5 5 9
m ic r o m e te r s s a m p le 1 .3 2 .5 8
2 1 ,8 0 0 0 .6 4 1 .3 7
5 390
10 11 4 0 .3 2 0 .6 4 6
0 .1 6 0 .3 2 5
15 65 0 .0 8 0 .1 6 4
25 8 .5
50 0 .6 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 3
0 .0 2 0 .0 4 2
0 .0 1 0 .0 2 1
k = th o u s a n d
F ig u r e 6 - 2 3 I S O s o lid c o n t a m in a n t c o d e
R ange
C ode
3 0 0 ,0 0 0
25 2 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 5 0 ,0 0 0
24
8 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 0 ,0 0 0
23 5 0 ,0 00
4 0 ,0 0 0 4 0 ,0 00
N u m b e r o f P a r t ic le s G r e a t e r T h a n S iz e P e r M illim e t e r
22 3 0 ,0 00
2 9 ,0 0 0 2 0 ,0 00
1 5 ,0 00
21
1 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,0 0 0
20
5 ,0 0 0 5 ,0 0 0
4 ,0 0 0
19 3 ,0 0 0
2 ,5 0 0 2 ,0 0 0
18 1 ,5 0 0
1 ,3 0 0
1 ,0 0 0
17
640
5 0 0
16 4 0 0
320 3 0 0
15 2 0 0
160 1 5 0
14 100
80
13 5 0
40 4 0
3 0
12 2 0
20 1 5
11
10 10
10
5
5 4
9 3
2 .5 2
8 1 .5
1 .3
1 .0
7
.6
.5
6 .4
.3 .3
5 .2
.1 5 .0 5
4 .1
.0 8
3
.0 4
2
.0 2
1 .0 1
1 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20 / 14 / 12 P a r t i c l e S i z e in M i c r o m e t e r s
C le a n lin e s s C o d e
E x a m p le
N u m b e r o f P a r tic le s
P a rt ic le G re a te r T h a n “X ”
S i z e “ X " in S iz e in O n e m l o f R ange
M ic r o m e t e r T e s t F lu id C ode
2 5120 20
5 89 14
10 43 X
15 22 12
25 3 X
30 .4 X
F ig u re 6 - 2 4 C le a n lin e s s p r o fi le
N u m b e r o f p a r t ic le s N u m b e r o f p a r t ic le s
p e r 1 m l o f f lu id p e r 1 m l o f f lu id
M o re T h a n U p To M o re T h a n U p To
R ange R ange
C ode C ode
8 0 ,0 0 0 1 6 0 ,0 0 0 24 20 40 12
4 0 ,0 0 0 8 0 ,0 0 0 23 10 20 11
2 0 ,0 0 0 4 0 ,0 0 0 22 5 10 10
1 0 ,0 0 0 2 0 ,0 0 0 21 2 .5 5 9
5 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,0 0 0 20 1 .3 2 .5 8
2500 5 ,0 0 0 19 .6 4 1 .3 7
1300 2500 18 .3 2 .6 4 6
640 1300 17 .1 6 .3 2 5
320 640 16 .0 8 .1 6 4
160 320 15 .0 4 .0 8 3
80 160 14 .0 2 .0 4 2
40 80 13 .0 1 .0 2 1
F ig u r e 6 - 2 5 IS O r a n g e c o d e n u m b e r
S Y S T E M IC C O N T A M IN A T IO N C O N T R O L
A THREE STEP PRO CESS
1 . E S T A B L IS H IS O C O D E F O R M A C H IN E
2 . S E L E C T F IL T E R S A N D F IL T E R P L A C E M E N T
3. PER FO R M O IL S A M P L IN G A N D A N A L Y S IS
F ig u r e 6 - 2 6 T h r e e - s te p p r o c e s s fo r s y s te m c o n t a m in a t io n c o n t r o l
C om pany N am e D a te
T y p e o f M a c h in e ( S y s t e m )
S e ttin g a T a rg e t C le a n lin e s s L e v e l
S te p O n e
M a x im u m O p e r a tin g P r e s s u r e P u m p F lo w
T o t a l S y s t e m V o lu m e ( i n c l u d in g l in e s & a c t u a t o r s )
M o s t S e n s i t iv e C o m p o n e n t
P um p Typ e T a r g e t C le a n li n e s s _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _
C o n tro l T y p e T a r g e t C le a n li n e s s _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _
A c tu a to r T y p e T a r g e t C le a n li n e s s _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _
S te p T w o
F lu id T y p e a n d B r a n d
F lu i d A d j u s t m e n t ? Yes No
S te p T h re e
O p e r a t in g T e r n p e r a tu r e
H ig h V i b r a t io n o r S h o c k ? Yes No
I s M a c h i n e C r i ti c a l t o P r o c e s s ? Yes No
C o u ld a H y d r a u l ic F a i l u r e C a u s e a S a f e t y H a z a r d ? Yes No
S y s te m S tre s s A d ju s tm e n t?
F in a l S y s t e m i c C o n t a m in a ti o n C o n t r o l T a r g e t C l e a n l i n e s s _ _ _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _ _ _ / _ _ _ _ _
R e c o m m e n d e d F ilte r P la c e m e n t a n d R a t in g 3 m ic ro n
5 m ic r o n
1 0 m ic r o n
P r e s s u r e L in e
R e tu rn L in e
O ff L i n e
F ig u r e 6 - 2 7 W o r k s h e e t fo r s e tt in g t a r g e t c le a n lin e s s le v e l
1000 P SI 2000 PSI 3 0 0 0 P S I+ I
Pum ps
F ix e d G e a r 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 1 9 /1 7 /1 5
F ix e d V a n e 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 1 9 /1 7 /1 4 1 8 /1 6 /1 3
F ix e d P is to n 1 9 /1 7 /1 5 1 8 /1 6 /1 4 1 7 /1 5 /1 3
V a r ia b le V a n e 1 8 /1 6 /1 4 1 7 /1 5 /1 3
V a r ia b le P is t o n 1 8 /1 6 /1 4 1 7 /1 5 /1 3 1 6 /1 4 /1 2
V a lv e s
D ir e c t io n a l ( s o le n o id ) 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 1 9 /1 7 /1 4
P r e s s u r e C o n tr o l ( m o d u l a t in g ) 1 9 /1 7 /1 4 1 9 /1 7 /1 4
F lo w C o n t r o ls ( s t a n d a r d ) 1 9 /1 7 /1 4 1 9 /1 7 /1 4
P r o p o r t io n a l D ir e c tio n a l ( t h r o t tle v a lv e s ) 1 7 /1 5 /1 2 1 5 /1 3 /1 1 *
C h e c k V a lv e s 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 2 0 /1 8 /1 5
S e r v o V a lv e s 1 6 /1 4 /1 1 * 1 5 /1 3 /1 0 *
C a r t r id g e V a lv e s 1 8 /1 6 /1 3 1 7 /1 5 /1 2
H .R .C . 1 8 /1 6 /1 3 1 7 /1 5 /1 2
P r o p o r t io n a l P r e s s u r e C o n t r o ls 1 6 /1 4 /1 2 * 1 5 /1 3 /1 1 *
F lo w c o n tr o ls ( p r e s s u r e c o m p e n s a t in g ) 1 7 /1 5 /1 3 1 7 /1 5 /1 3
P r o p o r t io n a l C a r tr id g e V a lv e s 1 7 /1 5 /1 2 1 6 /1 4 /1 1 *
A c tu a to rs
C y lin d e r s 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 2 0 /1 8 /1 5
V a n e M o to rs 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 1 9 /1 7 /1 4 1 8 /1 6 /1 3
A x ia l P is to n M o t o r s 1 9 /1 7 /1 4 1 8 /1 6 /1 3 1 7 /1 5 /1 2
G e a r M o to rs 2 1 /1 9 /1 7 2 0 /1 8 /1 5 1 9 /1 7 /1 4
R a d ia l P is to n M o t o r s 2 0 /1 8 /1 4 1 9 /1 7 /1 3 1 8 /1 6 /1 3
C a m W a v e M o to rs 1 8 /1 6 /1 4 1 7 /1 5 /1 3 1 6 /1 4 /1 2 *
H y d r o s ta tic T r a n s m is s io n s 4000 PSI

H y d r o s t a tic T r a n s m is s io n s ( in lo o p f lu id ) 1 7 /1 5 /1 3 1 6 /1 4 /1 2 * 1 6 /1 4 /1 1 *
B e a r in g s
B a ll B e a r in g S y s te m s 1 5 /1 3 /1 1 *
R o lle r B e a r in g S y s t e m s 1 6 /1 4 /1 2 *
J o u r n a l B e a rin g s ( h ig h s p e e d ) 1 7 /1 5 /1 3
J o u r n a l B e a rin g s lo w s p e e d ) 1 8 /1 6 /1 4
G e n e r a l In d u s tr ia l G e a r b o x e s 1 7 /1 5 /1 3
* R e q u ir e s p r e c is e s a m p l in g p r a c t ic e s t o v e r if y c le a n lin e s s le v e ls .
F ig u r e 6 - 2 8 R e c o m m e n d e d c le a n lin e s s c o d e s f o r v a r io u s c o m p o n e n t s
P re s s u re
L in e
F ilt e r
R e tu rn
L in e
F ilt e r
I n le t
S tr a in e r
F ig u re 6 - 2 9 I n le t, p r e s s u r e a n d r e t u r n filte r lo c a t io n s
F u ll flo w F u ll flo w P re s s u r e lin e P re s s u r e lin e R e c ir c u la t in g R e c ir c u la t in g
p re s s u re p re s s u re a n d r e c ir c u la tin g p lu s re tu r n lo o p a t 2 0 % lo o p a t 1 0 %
o r re tu rn lin e a n d r e t u r n l in e lo o p a 2 0 % lin e p lu s o f s y s te m o f s y s te m
s y s t e m v o lu m e r e c irc u la tin g v o lu m e v o lu m e
p e r m in u t e lo o p
1 4 /1 2 /1 0
T a r g e t C le a n lin e s s
1 5 /1 3 /1 1
1 6 /1 4 /1 2
1 7 /1 5 /1 3
1 8 /1 6 /1 4
1 9 /1 7 /1 5
R ecom m ended R ecom m ended R ecom m ended

fo r h ig h fo r s y s te m s fo r h ig h
in g re s s io n w it h f ix e d in g re s s io n
s y s t e m s w it h v o lu m e p u m p s s y s t e m s w it h
fix e d v o lu m e v a r i a b l e v o lu m e
pum ps pum ps
F ig u r e 6 - 3 0 R e c o m m e n d e d filt e r s e le c tio n a n d p la c e m e n t
F ig u r e 6 - 3 1 T h r e e - m ic r o n a ir filte r fo r r e s e r v o ir s
F ig u r e 6 - 3 3 1 0 0 m e s h in le t f ilt e r s c re e n
F ig u r e 6 - 3 4 P r e s s u re lin e f ilt e r lo c a t io n
B y p a s s c h e c k v a lv e
I n le t O u t le t
F ig u r e 6 -3 6 T y p ic a l filt e r o p e r a tio n
U p- Dow n-
s tr e a m s tr e a m
P a r tic le P a r tic le
C o u n te r C o u n te r
Known
C o n t a m in a n t
F ig u re 6 - 3 8 M u l t ip a s s f ilt e r p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t
B e ta R a tio E ffic ie n c y
1 0%
2 5 0 .0 0 %
5 8 0 .0 0 %
10 9 0 .0 0 %
20 9 5 .0 0 %
75 9 8 .7 0 %
100 9 9 .0 0 %
200 9 9 .5 0 %
1000 9 9 .9 0 %
5000 9 9 .9 8 %
F ig u r e 6 - 3 9 B e t a ra t io s a n d c o rre s p o n d in g e f f ic ie n c y
E le m e n t P r e s s u re D r o p
B y p a s s V a lv e C r a c k in g P r e s s u r e
P I n d ic a to r S e tt in g
Te s t D u s t A d d e d (G ra m s ) 5% of
S e r v ic e L if e
F ig u r e 6 - 4 0 F ilt e r m e d ia d ir t - h o ld in g c h a r a c te r is t ic c u r v e
S u r fa c e T y p e D e p th T y p e
M e d ia M e d ia
F lo w
F ig u r e 6 - 4 1 D e p t h v e rs u s s u r f a c e m e d ia p e r f o r m a n c e
S u p p o rt M e s h
D iff u s e r L a y e r
M e d ia
D iff u s e r L a y e r
S u p p o rt M e s h
F ig u r e 6 - 4 2 T y p ic a l filte r c o n s t r u c t io n
F ilt e r C o n d it io n In d ic a t o r
F ilt e r
F ig u r e 6 -4 3 F ilt e r w ith b y - p a s s in d i c a to r

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Chapter 06

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Industrial Hydraulics

F ig u r e 6 - 6 P r o c e s s o f c a v ita tio n a n d a e r a tio n d a m a g e

P a r tic le s th a t a r e t h e s a m e s iz e o r s lig h tly s m a lle r t h a n th e c le a r a n c e s b e tw e e n

H y d r o s ta tic T r a n s m is s io n s 4000 PSI

R ecom m ended R ecom m ended R ecom m ended

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