CHAPTER 9:

ELECTRONIC
 9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY
OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)
• 9.1.1: Thermionic Emission
Thermionic emission – released of electron from a heated
metal cathode
• Focus – to adjust the spot of the electron
beam so it will become smaller or bigger
• X- shift – adjust the horizontal position of
the bright spot
• Y-shift – adjust the vertical position of the
bright spot
• Y-gain –To amplified the small voltage
across the Y-plates to deflect the electron
beam. The control is calibrated in volt per
cm
• Time-base controls - Connected to the X-
plates to control the frequency at which the
beam sweeps horizontally across the screen.
The control is calibrated in time per cm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0tBJlOEz00
The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the
vertical axis and
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage) indicated?

2 x 5 V = 10 V
Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source. If the
Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms cm-1.
(a) Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source

(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source

The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an a.c voltage is
connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is set at 2 V/div and the time
base is off. Calculate the value of :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp
(b) Peak voltage, Vp.
(c) Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s
9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
• Semiconductor- material that can conduct electricity between
conductor and insulator
• Example of pure semiconductor: silicon, germanium,selenium
9.3 TRANSISTOR
- The base of the transistor must be in forward biased
- The collector of the transistor must be in reverse biased
• Act as a switch by using potential divider.
• Rx is a resistor and and Ry is a variable resistor that
can be change.
• If the Ry is zero, the current base for the transistor
also zero and the transistor is switch off
• If the Ry is increases ,the current base for the
transistor also increase and the transistor will switch
on
How the bulb can switch on at night by using
Light dependent Resistor (LDR)
• Thermistor has low resistance when
temperature is higher
• The voltage for the resistor is higher so
the current that flow through the base
of the transistor also higher
• The collector current is increases and
-The function of relay- to increase the
the transistor will switch on current produce so the alarm will ring
• The alarm will ring
• The magnitude of the collector current is determined by the
current that flow in the base current
• Small current change in the base current will produce big
change in the collector current
9.4 LOGIC GATE
• Logic gate – electronic device that have one or more input but
produce one ouput