SOLID STATE DRIVES

UNIT -III
INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

Dr.A.Ravi,
Professor,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering 1
Francis Xavier Engineering
College,Tirunelveli
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 TORQUE EQUATION

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 TORQUE EQUATION

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

  Stable
Tα s (AB)
 Unstable
 T α1/s (BC)
 Normal Operating Region (AD)
 Always operate the motor at zero slip. 4

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 COMPLETE TORQUE –SPEED
CHARACTERISTICS

 Motoring Operation (0 <s<1)

 Generating Region (s<0)

 Plugging Region (1 <s<2)

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

SPEED CONTROL IF INDUCTION MOTOR

 Stator side Control

 Rotor side control

 Stator side Control

1)Stator voltage control
2)Stator Frequency control
3)V/F control
4) Pole changing
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

 T αV2
 For the change in Stator voltage results large change in torque.
 10 % reduction of voltage causes 19% reduction of torque.
 This method is applicable for requiring low starting torque and
narrow speed range at low slip.

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

 Terminal voltage should not exceed the rated value.

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

 Conventional method
 Solid State method

Conventional method
 Using auto transformer
 Primary resistors connected in series with stator winding.

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

Conventional method
 Using auto transformer

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

Conventional method
 Primary resistors connected in series with stator winding.

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
Solid State method

Half wave AC voltage

Controller Full wave AC voltage
12
Controller
Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli
 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
Advantages
 The control circuit is very simple
 More compact and less weight
 lts response time is quick
 There is a considerable savings in energy and thus it is a economical method

Disadvantages
 The input power factor is very low.
 Voltage and current waveforms are highly distorted due to harmonics, which
affects the efficiency of the machine.
 Performance is poor under running condition at low speed
 Operating efficiency is low as resistance losses are high.
 Maximum torque available from the motor decreases with decreases in
stator voltage.
 At low speeds, motor currents are excessive and special arrangements
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should be provided to limit the excessive currents.

Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF ELECTRIC DRIVE

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL

The stator frequency control is the one of the speed control of 3 phase
induction motors
Ns = 120f / P

The emf V1 induced in the stator winding of the induction Motor

V1 = 4.44 f φTphKw

1) Low frequency operation at constant voltage

2) High frequency operation at constant voltage
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
Low frequency operation at constant voltage

V1 = 4.44 f φTphKw

V1 = 4.44 f φ

V1 constant ; f decreases; φ increases

It draws more magnetizing current

 Line currents and line voltages are distorted .
 Very low efficiency.

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
High frequency operation at constant voltage

V1 = 4.44 f φTphKw
Field
V1 = 4.44 f φ weakening
mode

V1 constant ; f increases; φ Decreases

The no load speed increases

The maximum torque decreases
 Starting torque reduces
 Starting current decreases

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL

 Torque Equation of IM for rated torque and rated frequency

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 STATOR FREQUENCY CONTROL
T α 1/k2

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Below Rated Speed k <1
Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli
Above Rated Speed k >1
 V/F CONTROL

 f

 N then ωs
 T max

In order to compensate T

 V
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 V/F CONTROL

 The change in voltage and frequency is a powerful method

for speed control of induction motor.
Fixed v/f ratio
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 V/F CONTROL

 At the base frequency, voltage reaches constant value. Above the base
frequency, the motor terminal voltage is constant.

Advantages
 Good Transient (dynamic) performance
Dis Advantages
 COSTLY
 Speed control are available from zero
speed to base speed.
 Maintaining power factor.
 Drop in speed from no load to full load is
small.
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 COMBINED FREQUENCY CONTROL AND V/F CONTROL

V/F
Control Frequency Control
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE

1. Conventional rotor resistance control

2. Static rotor resistance control
3. Slip power recovery scheme (Energy efficient drives)

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
1.Conventional rotor resistance control

This method is only applicable for slip ring or wound-rotor

induction motor.
Here, 3- phase ac supply is fed to the stator and a variable
resistance R2 is connected in the rotor side.
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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
1.Conventional rotor resistance control

By varying
the rotor
circuit
resistance R2
the starting
torque and
starting
current can
be
controlled.

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
1.Conventional rotor resistance control

Advantages Dis advantages

• Reduced efficiency because the

• Absence of in-rush starting current
• Availability of full-rated torque at
starting
• High live power factor
• Absence of line current harmonics
• Smooth and wide range of speed
control
slip energy is wasted in the rotor
circuit resistance.
• Speed changes very widely with
load variation.
• Unbalance in voltage and current
if rotor circuit resistance are not
equal.

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
2.Static rotor resistance control
T o maintain
the current as • Speed of a wound
Constant
rotor induction motor
can be varied by
varying the rotor
circuit resistance
• Rotor resistance can
be varied steplessly
by using a diode
AC
bridge
DC rectifier
Switch ON and chopper 28
or OFF
Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli
 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
2.Static rotor resistance control

SC

ON

OC

OFF

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
2.Closed loop control for Static rotor resistance control

Current
Sensor

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
 This system is mainly used for speed control of slip ring induction
motor.
 The speed of slip ring IM can be controlled either by varying the
stator voltage or by controlling the power flow in the rotor circuit.
slip power recovery system can be classified two types
1. Kramer system
2. Scherbius system

Kramer system Scherbius system

Convention Static Convention Static 31

al method method al method method
Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli
 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Kramer System - Conventional Kramer system

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Kramer System - Improved modified Kramer system

Improved modified Kramer system using Improved modified Kramer system 33

three phase uncontrolled rectifier. using three phase controlled rectifier.
Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli
 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Static -Kramer System -

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Closed loop control for Kramer system

DC

PWM Pulses

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

Scherbius System- Conventional Scherbius Drive

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

Scherbius System- Static Scherbius System

1. DC link static scherbius drive

2. Cycloconverter static scherbius drive

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Scherbius System- Static Scherbius System
1. DC link static scherbius drive (Sub-Synchronous speed operation)
Slip Power Rectifier Inverter Transformer Supply

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM
Scherbius System- Static Scherbius System
1. DC link static scherbius drive (Super Synchronous Speed operation)
Supply Transformer Inverter Rectifier Rotor
Circuit

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

 ROTOR SIDE CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
3.SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

Cycloconverter Static Scherbius Drive

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

Super
Synchronous
Motoring

Sub
Synchronous
motoring

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

SLIP POWER RECOVERY SYSTEM

Super
Synchronous
Regeneration

Sub
Synchronous
Regeneration

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli

VECTOR CINTROLLED

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Dr.A.Ravi, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli