Computer Numerical Control

Lecture 9
Applications of CAD Models

Dr Lina Momani
The actions that are taken with the design information are
divided into two main categories:
Evaluating actions, taken to assess the properties or merit of
the design.
Generative actions that generate information from the model
for use downstream of the design process, usually in order to
progress its manufacture.
In each case the actions involve the extraction of information
from the design representation, and the combination of this
with further information to form a new model.

2
Model Transformations in Design

3
Example :
The evaluation of the connecting rods, which connect the crankshaft of an
automotive engine to its pistons.

4
The use of models in design

5
Defining the Model
Representation of Models
There are two types of models:
Models of form typically represented by drawings of
components and their arrangement in assemblies.
Models of structure normally represented by diagrams
that show the components of a system and how
they are connected.

6
Defining the Model
Examples of Electrical and Fluid Power Symbols

7
Defining the Model
Block Diagrams
At an early stage in the design process it may only be possible
to define overall relationships between parts of a system,
and a block diagram may be most appropriate. As a design
is prepared for construction and manufacture, detailed
wiring or piping diagrams are required.

8
Defining the Model
Block diagram of injection system

9
Defining the Model
Top-Down Design
By exploiting representations such as block diagrams, the
designer is able to subdivide a design problem into
smaller elements. These in turn may be subdivided, such
that a hierarchical decomposition of the problem is
obtained. This technique is known as "top-down" design.

10
Defining the Model
Example: Top-Down Design

11
Strengths and Weaknesses of Conventional Representations
Strengthens: serve engineers, communication.

Weaknesses: skill is required, it is possible to have conflicting

models (errors), and complexity in the product may stretch
the techniques to their limits, there is a risk of error
misinterpretation when extraction of information from
drawings and diagrams.

12
computer representation of drawings and
diagrams
Defining the graphic elements
The user has a variety of different ways to call a particular graphic
element and position it on the geometric model. There are several
ways of defining points, lines, arcs, and other components of
geometry through interaction with the ICG (interactive computer
graphics) system. These components are maintained in the database
in mathematical form and referenced to a 3D coordinate system.

13
Basic geometry
A component must be modeled before it can be drawn.

14
 Methods of defining elements in interactive
computer graphics
Methods of defining points in computer graphics include:
1. Pointing to the location on the screen by means of cursor control.
2. Entering the coordinates via the alphanumeric keyboard.
3. Entering the offset (distance in x, y, and z) from a previously
defined point.
4. The intersection of two points.
5. Locating points at fixed intervals along an element.

15
Defining the Model

16
Defining the Model
Lines
Methods of defining lines include:
1. Using two previously defined points.
2. Using one point and specifying the angle of the line with
the horizontal.
3. Using a point and making the line either normal or tangent
to a curve.
4. Using a point and making the line either parallel or
perpendicular to another line.
5. Making the line tangent to two curves.
6. Making the line tangent to a curve and parallel or
perpendicular to a line.

17
Defining the Model

18
Arcs and circles
Methods of defining arcs and circles include:
1. Specifying the center and the radius.
2. Specifying the center and a point on the circle.
3. Making the curve pass through three previously defined
points.
4. Making the curve tangent to three lines.
5. Specifying the radius and making the curve tangent to two
lines or curves.

19
Defining the Model

20
Surfaces
Some of the methods for generating surfaces include:
1. Using a surface of revolution formed by rotating any lines
and/ or curves around a specific axis.
2. Using the intersection line or surface of two intersecting
surfaces.

21
Defining the Model

22
Defining the Model

23
Defining the Model

24
Defining the Model

25
Defining the Model

26
Defining the Model

27
Defining the Model

28
Defining the Model

29
Defining the Model

30
Defining the Model

31
Defining the Model

32