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• The effects of child abuse and neglect are not limited to childhood.
DEFINITION
(Reference Breaking the silence CSA in India , human rights watch printed
un usa published in feb 2013 www.Hrw.Org )
TYPES OF ABUSE
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Emotional abuse
• Child Neglect
PHYSICAL ABUSE
Ref:-A study on Child Abuse: India 2007, conducted by Ministry of Women and Child development (GOI)
Sexual abuse
Inappropriate sexual behaviour with a child.
It includes fondling a child's genitals, making the child fondle the
adult's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism
and sexual exploitation.
To be considered ‘child abuse’, these acts have to be committed by
a person responsible for the care of a child (for example a baby-
sitter, a parent, or a daycare provider), or related to the child.
If a stranger commits these acts, it would be considered sexual
assault and handled solely by the police and criminal courts.
Sexual Abuse
53.22% children reported having faced one or more forms of sexual abuse.
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi reported the highest percentage of sexual
abuse among both boys and girls.
21.90% child respondents reported facing severe forms of sexual abuse and 50.76%
other forms of sexual abuse.
Children in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Delhi reported the highest incidence of
sexual assault.
50% abuses are persons known to the child or in a position of trust and
responsibility.
Ref:-A study on Child Abuse: India 2007, conducted by Ministry of Women and Child development (GOI)
Emotional abuse
Also known as verbal abuse, mental abuse, and psychological
maltreatment.
Pattern of behavioral that impairs a child emotional development or
sense of self worth.
Include constant criticism, threats or rejection as well as withholding
love, support, or guidance.
Parents/caretakers using extreme and/or bizarre forms of punishment,
such as confinement in a closet or dark room or being tied to a chair for
long periods of time or threatening or terrorizing a child.
Neglect
Ref:-A study on Child Abuse: India 2007, conducted by Ministry of Women and Child development (GOI)
PREVALENCE IN INDIA
• India has largest number of children in the world (375 million),
nearly 40% of its population.
• 69% of Indian children are victims of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.
• More than 70% of cases go unreported and unshared even with parents/
family.
Understanding of child
abuse in society:
PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHILD CHARACTERISTICS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Burns
– Scald and immersion burns
• Sock-like, glove-like, doughnut shaped on
buttocks or genitalia
• Splash burns
– Contact burns
• Cigar, cigarette especially on the soles,
palms, back, buttocks
• Patterned like electric iron, electric burner, fire
place tool, etc.
• Rope burns on arms, legs, neck and torso
Behavioral indicators of physical abuse
Kacker, L., Varadan, S., & Kumar, P. (2007). Study on Child Abuse: INDIA 2007. Ministry of Women and
Child Development, Government of India. Erişim Adresi: http://www. unodc.
org/pdf/india/publications/htvs_miniweb/childabuse
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEUROBIOLOGICAL
Short term effects of child abuse
Anxiety
Depression
Low self-esteem
Withdrawn
Dissociation
Depression
3 to 5 times more common. (Beitchman et al.1992)
◦ Guilt and low self esteem
◦ Depression and withdrawal symptoms were found to be common among
children who experienced emotional, physical, or environmental neglect.
(Dubowitz, Papas, Black, & Starr, 2002).
Lack of parental care after abuse is associated with depression in
adults (Fergussion et al, 1996; Mullen et al, 1993)
Long term effects of child abuse
Self-mutilation, suicidality, self-defeating behavior
Anxiety disorders
Chronic low grade anxiety.
Phobias
Panic disorder
Life time prevalence- 37 % (Stein et al, 1998)
Negative body image– Body dysmorphic disorder
(Young, 1992; Simmons, 1991; Wenniger et al, 1998; Elizabeth Maclen 1990)
Long term effects of child abuse
PTSD
Dissociative disorder
Revictimization.
Psychological debriefing
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; such as Trauma- focused
(Cohen et al., 2000; Ramchandani & Jones, 2003).
Family therapy
Group therapy (Burke, 1988; Deblinger et al, 2001)
Ecosystem approaches
Preventive measures:
World Health Organization (1999) provides a comprehensive model for the prevention of violence and abuse
against children which says that the preventive activities can be taken up at three levels that is primary, secondary
and tertiary level.
CURRENT MEASURES TO PREVENT CHILD
ABUSE IN INDIA
•The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act and Rules, 2012
•Section 19(1)
•Section 19 (7)
•Rule 4 (3)
•The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of children) Act 2000 and Delhi Rules 2009- Specific
preventive provisions
•The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
•The Integrated Child Protection Scheme
•Adolescent Education Programme
•Guidelines for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools
The following sections of the Act deal with
child abuse ( J.J. Act)
Section 23: Punishment for cruelty to juvenile or child: The Act provides for punishment
(imprisonment up to six months) if a person having the actual charge of, or control over, a juvenile or
the child, assaults, abandons, exposes or willfully neglects him/her, causes or procures him/her to
be assaulted, abandoned, exposed or neglected in any manner likely to cause such juvenile/child
unnecessary mental or physical suffering.
Section 24: Employment of Juvenile or Child for Begging: The Act provides for punishment
(imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years and fine) if a person employs or uses any
juvenile/child for the purpose or causes any juvenile to beg.
Section 26: Exploitation of Juvenile or Child Employee: The Act provides for punishment
(imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years and fine) if a person ostensibly procures a
juvenile/child for the purpose of any hazardous employment, keeps him in bondage and withholds
his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes.
Punishments for Offences covered in the (POSCO Act)
Penetrative Sexual Assault (Section 3) on a child — Not less than seven years which may
extend to imprisonment for life, and fine (Section 4)
Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault (Section 5) — Not less than ten years which may
extend to imprisonment for life, and fine (Section 6)
Sexual Assault (Section 7) i.e. sexual contact without penetration — Not less than three years
which may extend to five years, and fine (Section 8)
Aggravated Sexual Assault (Section 9) by a person in authority — Not less than five years
which may extend to seven years, and fine (Section 10)
Sexual Harassment of the Child (Section 11) — Three years and fine (Section 12)
Use of Child for Pornographic Purposes (Section 13) — Five years and fine and in the event of
subsequent conviction, seven years and fine Section 14 (1)
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