Stresses in machine elements

- Stresses are developed in machine elements due to applied load

- machine design ensures the elements can sustain the induced stresses without yielding.

- design of the spring ,ensure the force P at the

lever
end B.
- The stresses developed in sections AB and AC
decide the optimum cross-section of the lever
for thedesign
-hinge material
depends on the stresses developed
due to the reaction forces at A.

Types of stresses are developed in different

Simple lever subjected to forces at ends
elements:
• Lever arms AB and AC - Bending stresses
• Hinge pin - Shear and bearing stresses.
• Spring - Shear stress.
- state of stress at a point ,stress distribution,
simple
 loads & stresses
 

Stress distribution uniform/linear

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 loss of stability

Buckling

elastic/ plastic

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 Tensile test
Load  deformation
stress – strain diagrams

ductile – carbon steel rigid – cast iron

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simplifyed material models

elasto-plastic rigid

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test YS ReH

UTS Rm
UTS

YS
real
eng.

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strain hardening

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 elastic properties

elastic (Young) modulus: E [MPa]

(Hooke’s law s = Ee)
shear modulus: G [MPa] (t = Gg)

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 main static properties
elastic limit Rp0.2
yield strength ReH
ultimate tensile strength Rm
maximal strain A
hardness HHB…
Charpy (V-notch) test Kcu

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 Influencing factor – (not only) static load

Stress concentration

shape factor
αk > 1

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sudden area changes

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 Periodic stresses
fatique

propagating crack – final static break

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90-95% of all failures!
 Wöhler- curve

Rm

 fatique limit
 N > 106

load cycles

many factors - stohastic phenomenon

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 types of varying load
Fatique limits σv σr

 min
r cycle assymetry ratio
 max
m
v cycle mean stress ratio
 max 14
Influencing factors – fatique strength

size

surface roughness

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notch sensitivity ηk (0.5-1.0 )

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Stress concentration factor βk
k  1
k    σaver.
k  1

stress conc.
sensitivity
shape

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 Safety factor (SF; n)
• importance of
• load, material…
element
• manufacture
• material testing
• calculations

n>1 (1.15 ~ 8-10!)

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