Paper 1 And Paper 2

Math- the language of Physics – A lot of Calculation

SI Units – International System – But American likes to

use their system

AWS Questions Sets can be in S.I or in Imperial Unit

Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Temperature kelvin K
Time second s
Amount of Substance mole mol

Luminous Intensity candela cd

Electric Current ampere a
Quantity unit Symbol
Volume cubic meter m3

Density kilograms per cubic kg/m3

meter
Speed meter per second m/s

Newton kg m/ s2 N

Energy Joule (kg m2/s2) J

Pressure Pascal (kg/(ms2) Pa

Name Symbol Value
gigameter Gm 109
megameter Mm 106
kilometer km 103
decimeter dm 10-1
centimeter cm 10-2
millimeter mm 10-3
micrometer μm 10-6
nanometer nm 10-9
picometer pm 10-12
 Say you want to simplify;
 5,000Km
 You can write it as
 5 x 103 Km Or 5E+3Km (E+3=103)
 Or Even Better As
 5Mm ………….
 wonder why American still insist on Imperial
usage..When they lost billions in Mars Orbital Satellite
Program….
 Identify the smallest and the largest measurement
from the following;

 A) 2.15 X10-2cm
 B) 2.15 X 1010 µm
 C) 5 X 10-3Km
 D) 5 X 1010 nm
 1) Convert the 100cm2 to m2 unit?

 2) Convert 1m2 to cm2 unit?

 3) The density of water is 1.05gcm-3 express the density

in unit Kgm-3
What From To Factor
Acceleration ft/s2 m/s2 Multiply by 0.3048
Area ft2 m2 Multiply by 9.2903
Energy BTU Joule Multiply by 1.05435 X 103
Force lbf N 4.44822
Stress (Pressure) lbf/ft2 Pa(N/m2) 4.788X 101
Temperature Celcius ºC Kelvin (K) C + 273
Temperature Fahrenheit Kelvin (K) 5/9 (F + 459.67)
ºF
1) Convert 200ft2 to m2

2) What is the value when Fahrenheit is equal to

Kelvin (K)?
 Mass = Kg

 Volume = m3 = Area (m2) X Height (m)

 Density = Mass (Kg) / Volume (m3)

1)The standard kilogram is a platinum–iridium cylinder
39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the
density of the material?

Answer : 2.15 X 104 kg/m3

2) What mass of a material with density & is required to

make a hollow spherical shell having inner radius r1 and
outer radius r2?

 Answer : 4Л ρ (r23 – r13)/3

 Force = Mass (Kg) X Acceleration (ms-2) ;
Unit : Kgms-2@Newton, N

 Work = Force (N) X Displacement (m) ;

Unit : Kgms-2 @ Nm @ Joule, J

 Power = Work / time taken

Unit : Kgms-2/s = Kgms-3 @ J/s @ watt, W

 Hooke’s Law ;
F= KX

where K is spring constant and X is spring displacement.

** Energy is transferred from one object to another when work is done.
 A welding set is rated at 500 watts.
 (a) What is the cost of operating the welding set

for 5 hours if the utility charges $1.5 per kilowatt-

hour?
 (b) How many joules of energy are purchased?

 Answer : a) $3.75
 b) 9M joules
 
cos 0  1
W  ( F cos  ) x

cos 90  0

cos 180  1
 Accelerating a Crate
The truck is accelerating at
a rate of +1.50 m/s2. The mass
of the crate is 120-kg and it
does not slip. The magnitude of
the displacement is 65 m.
What is the total work done on
the crate by all of the forces
acting on it?

 Answer : 1.2 x 104 Joule

Find the work done if Ө = 50, Force
applied is 45N and displacement is 75m

Answer : 2170 J
 Principle of conservation energy;

 Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can be transformed

from one form to another but the total energy in a system is
constant.

 Work done = Energy Required

 Energy = Work done

Forms of Energy:
Chemical – Nuclear – Radiant – Thermal – Sound – Electrical -
Mechanical
  Definition: Kinetic Energy
 The kinetic energy of an object with mass m and speed v is

KE  mv 1
2
2
 The SI Unit for Kinetic Energy is joule (J).
• Potential Energy :The work done by the force of gravity on an object is:

• This is equal to the gravitational potential energy PE that an object has by virtue of
its position relative to the surface of the earth, or energy stored by spring.

• That position is measured by the height h of the object relative to an arbitrary zero
level.

1 2
PE g  mgh PEs  kx
2
 Daredevil Jumping

A motorcyclist
attempts to leap a
canyon by driving
horizontally off a
cliff. Initial velocity is
38m/s and heights
from one hill to
another its as in
picture. Calculate the
velocity when it reach
Answer : 46.16m/s
second hill.
 Force is in equilibrium (static) when sum of all
forces is zero.

 ΣFx = 0
 ΣFy = 0
 ΣFz = 0
 T1

If mass m is 100lb, calculate T1

m
needed to hold it from falling
down. Ө = 45 and g =32.8ft/s2


mg

Figure 1
Answer: 1690.49 lbf ( )
 Referring to figure 1, if now the mass is 200 lb and T1
acted on the mass is 2000 lbf what happened to the
part now?

a) Move downward?
b) Move upward ?
c) Not moving (static)

Answer = B
 Calculate work done on the car below if coefficient
of resistance between tires and road is µ=0.25, S
=2m, F is 200KN and car mass is= 500Kg

Fr

 Answer : 397.5Kj
 Q = mC.Ө

 Where C is specific heat capacity of liquid or solid.

 C JKg-1⁰C-1 or JKg-1⁰K-1
 Heat capacity of an object is the quantity of heat energy
required to increase its temperature by 1ºC or 1k
 Q is heat energy.  Joule
 Ө  is temperature difference
 Q is heat gain if Ө is positive and heat loss if Ө is
negative.
 m is mass of the object.
 1) The temperature of 10 Kg of a substance rises by 55ºC when
heated. Calculate the temperature rise when 22Kg of the
substance is heated by the same quantity of heat.
Answer = 25ºC

2) Aluminium, C is 900Jkg-1ºC-1 ,and melting temperature of

Aluminium is 1400ºC, estimate energy needed for welding to take
place, if surrounding temperature is 24ºC? ..Assume C is constant
throughout the temp diff.
Answer : 1.2MJ per 1Kg
Specific latent heat is the
quantity of heat energy
required to change 1Kg
substance phase i.e
liquid to gas , solid to
liquid.

Q =mL
Where Q= energy heat; J

m = mass

L = Specific latent heat in

joule/kg
 1) What is the heat required to change 1.2Kg of ice at
-5⁰C to the water at 30⁰C?

 Answer = 567000J

 2) Assuming above process was done with the help

of heater rated at 300W, what is the time needed to
complete the temperature change?

 Answer = 31.5 minutes.

 Thermal Conductivity
 thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a
material reflecting its ability to conduct heat.

 The Fourier’s Law use thermal conductivity

value to calculate heat conducted or can be
said as heat losses due to conduction.

 A higher K value means a better conductor.,

or how well the materials conduct heat.
 dT
heat flux
(J/m2-s) or q  k
(watt/m2)
dx temperature
gradient
per length
thermal conductivity (J/m-K-s) or (J/m-⁰C-S)

heat flux dT
(J/s) or watt
Q  kA heat flux = heat

dx
transfer

“-” is because T2-

Cross section area of T1
conduction medium
 Looking at the table below suggest which material
is suitable candidate for quick heating pot,
conductor and insulators and explain why ?
Material Specific H eat Thermal Conductivity
Capacity JKg-1⁰K-1 J/mKs
A 900 240
B 450 79
C 390 390
D 380 110
 Quick Heating Pot; D because it has a low specific
heat capacity which mean it require less heat to
raise to a particular temperature.

 Conductor : C because it has the highest thermal

conductivity which mean it can transfer heat better
than other materials.

 Insulator : B because it has the lowest thermal

conductivity value which mean it doesn’t transfer
heat well.
 Thermal Expansion
 When temperature rises
 molecules have more kinetic energy
» they are moving faster, on the average
 consequently, things tend to expand
 amount of expansion depends on…
 change in temperature Temp: T
 original length L0
 coefficient of thermal expansion Temp: T+T
L
» L0 + L = L0 +  L0 T
 L =  L0 T (linear expansion)
 V =  L0 T (volume expansion)
Coefficient of thermal expansion. α or
CTE
1) As you heat a block of aluminum from 0 C to 100 C its density
1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Stays the same

Answer : Decrease,  Volume increase resulted decreases in density.

T = 100 C
T=0C

M, V0 M, V100
0 = M / V 0 100 = M / V100
< 0