HYDROCARB

ONS
 1.
THE SPECIAL
NATURE OF
CARBON
why the element carbon?
 About 200 year ago, organic
chemistry was defined as the study
of compounds produced by living
things like plants and animals.
Organic compounds needed a ‘life
force’ to be produced. Compounds
that were from nonliving things
like rocks were referred to as
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All these changed in 1828
with the experiment of
Friedrich Wöhler.
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 Friedrich Wöhler
EXPERIMENT
✘ In his laboratory, Wöhler synthesized urea (an
organic compound) from ammonium cyanate (an
inorganic compound).

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 why carbon? out of all the elements
present why carbon?
The electron configuration of
carbon is 1s2 2s2 2p2.
Carbon completes its octet by sharing
electrons and not by forming ions. It shares
its electrons with other carbon atoms forming
single, double, and triple bonds. It also shares
its electrons and readily forms bonds with
atoms of other elements like O, H, N, and the
halogens.
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Carbon can form millions of
different compounds.
To date, over 20 million organic compounds,
both synthetic and natural, are known
compared with only about 100,000 norganic
compounds. Carbon
can form more compounds than any other
element in the periodic table.
why carbon? out of all the elements present
why carbon?
Carbon has a small radius. Carbon can form four covalent
The small radius of carbon allows bonds.
it to approach another carbon atom This allows it to form chains
closely, giving rise to short and (straight, branched or cyclic) in
strong covalent bonds and stable endless arrays.
compounds.

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 2.
ORGANIC
COMPUNDS:
HYDROCARBONS
what are hydrocarbons? why are they so
special?
 A major group of organic
compounds is the hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are made up of only
carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbons are further classified
into aliphatic hydrocarbons (those
that do not contain a benzene ring)
and aromatic hydrocarbons (those
that contain a benzene ring).
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hydrocarbon
classifications

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 2.a.
alkanes
what are alkanes?
 ALKANES
✘ Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n=1, 2, 3….
Alkanes only have single bonds.
✘ They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons. They are
referred to as saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond to the
carbon atoms present; that is, they are saturated with hydrogen
atoms.

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 ALKANES
✘ In naming alkanes, the –ane suffix (ending) is used. The name
of the parent compound is determined by the number of
carbon atoms in the longest chain. Examples are ethane,
propane, butane.

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NAME OF COMPOUND CHEMICAL FORMULA DIAGRAM BOILING POINT

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 practice on your own
NAME OF COMPOUND CHEMICAL FORMULA DIAGRAM BOILING POINT

pentane 36.1 ℃

hexane 68.7℃

heptane 98.4℃

octane 125.7℃
 2.B.
Structural Isomers
what are alkanes?
 ALKANES
✘ Isomers are different compounds that have the same chemical
formula. There are two ways of writing the structure of butane:
n-butane (where n stands for normal) and isobutene. These are
called structural isomers. Structural isomers are molecules
that have the same molecular formula but different
structures. Alkanes are described as having straight chains
(such as n-butane) or branched chains (such as isobutane).

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STRUCTURAL
ISOMERS

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 For alkanes, the number of isomers
increases as the number of carbon
atoms increases. While butane has only
2 isomers, decane has 75 isomers and
the alkane C30H62 has over 400 million
possible isomers. While many of these
do not exist in nature, this illustrates
how carbon forms more compounds
than any other element.
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 EXCERCISE
✘Pentane has three structural
isomers. Draw them.

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 2.C.
cycloalkanes
what are cycloalkanes?
 cycloalkanes
✘ Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings are called
cycloalkanes. They have the general formula CnH2n. The
simplest cycloalkane is cyclopropane.
✘ Examples:

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 reactions of alkanes
a. Under suitable conditions, alkanes undergo combustion reactions
to produce carbon dioxide and water.
✘ CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
✘ 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

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 reactions of alkanes
a. Under suitable conditions, alkanes undergo combustion reactions
to produce carbon dioxide and water.
✘ CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
✘ 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

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 reactions of alkanes
b. Alkanes undergo halogenation reaction where one or more
hydrogen atoms are replaced by
halogen atoms.
CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
methyl chloride

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 reactions of alkanes
Under excess chlorine, the reaction proceeds further:
CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) → CH2Cl2(g) + HCl(g)
methylene chloride
CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) → CHCl3(g) + HCl(g)
chloroform
CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) → CCl4(g) + HCl(g)
carbon tetrachloride

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 2.D.
Alkyl Groups and Halogen
Substituents
what are these groups?
Halogen Substituents
Halogen substituents are easily accommodated, using the names:
fluoro (F-), chloro (Cl-), bromo (Br-) and iodo (I-).
For example, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br would be named 1-bromo-3-
methylbutane. If the halogen is bonded to a simple alkyl group an
alternative "alkyl halide" name may be used. Thus, C2H5Cl may be
named chloroethane (no locator number is needed for a two
carbon chain) or ethyl chloride.

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 ALKYL GROUPS
Alkanes can be described by the general formula CnH2n+2. An alkyl
group is formed by removing one hydrogen from the alkane chain
and is described by the formula CnH2n+1. The removal of this
hydrogen results in a stem change from -ane to -yl. Take a look at
the following examples.

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 2.E.
NAMING OF
ALKANES
how do you name alkanes?
 The IUPAC (International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry) system
of nomenclature aims to ensure: (1)
That every organic compound has a
unique, unambiguous name, and, (2)
that the IUPAC name of any
compound conveys the structure of that
compound to a person familiar with
the system
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 IUPAC Rules for Alkane
Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a
substituent group.
3. Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate
number and name.
4. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order.
5. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the
same kind, are NOT considered when alphabetizing.
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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Three Rules for Naming Alkanes
1. Choose the longest, most substituted carbon chain containing a functional
group.
2. A carbon bonded to a functional group must have the lowest possible carbon
number. If there are no functional groups, then any substituent present must have
the lowest possible number.
3. Take the alphabetical order into consideration; that is, after applying the first two
rules given above, make sure that your substituents and/or functional groups are
written in alphabetical order.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
What is the name of this molecule? →

Rule #1: Choose the longest, most substituted carbon chain containing a
functional group. This example does not contain any functional groups, so we only
need to be concerned with choosing the longest, most substituted carbon chain.
The longest carbon chain has been highlighted in red and consists of eight carbons.
(Parent Carbon Chain Name: Octane)

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule #2: Carbons bonded to a functional group must have the
lowest possible carbon number. If there are no functional
groups, then any substitute present must have the lowest
possible number. Because this example does not contain any
functional groups, we only need to be concerned with the two
substitutes present, that is, the two methyl groups.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule #2 Cont'd.: If we begin numbering the chain from the left,
the methyls would be assigned the numbers 4 and 7, respectively.
If we begin numbering the chain from the right, the methyls
would be assigned the numbers 2 and 5. Therefore, to satisfy the
second rule, numbering begins on the right side of the carbon
chain as shown below. This gives the methyl groups the lowest
possible numbering.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule 3: In this example, there is no need to utilize the third rule.
Because the two substitutes are identical, neither takes
alphabetical precedence with respect to numbering the carbons.
This concept will become clearer in the following examples.
The name of this molecule is 2,5-dimethyloctane.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Example # 2:

Rule #1: Choose the longest, most substituted carbon chain containing a
functional group. This example contains two functional groups, bromine
and chlorine. The longest carbon chain has been highlighted in red and
consists of seven carbons.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule #2: Carbons bonded to a functional group must have the
lowest possible carbon number. In this example, numbering the
chain from either the left or the right would satisfy this rule.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule #2 Cont'd.: If we number the chain from the left, bromine and
chlorine would be assigned the second and sixth carbon positions,
respectively. If we number the chain from the right, chlorine would be
assigned the second position and bromine would be assigned the sixth
position.

In other words, whether we choose to number from the left or right, the
functional groups occupy the second and sixth positions in the chain. To
select the correct numbering scheme, we need to utilize the third rule.

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 Rules for Naming
Alkanes
Rule #3: After applying the first two rules, take the alphabetical order into
consideration. Alphabetically, bromine comes before chlorine. Therefore,
bromine is assigned the second carbon position, and chlorine is assigned
the sixth carbon position.

The name of this molecule is: 2-bromo-6-chloroheptane.

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 THANKS! If you have any questions,
You can find me at Tom Azucena on Facebook, @Tomasinoses on
Twitter, or at azucenatom@gmail.com. You can also contact me thru
0915186765 (Globe) or 09396028294 (SMART). I'll comply the
questions and answer them on another powerpoint.
For your evaluation, please click on this link and download the file.
(https://drive.google.com/open?
id=1YnZGDXbOc7i3y8ohOPuAGXP_mFbJhewv) You need to pass
the file on or before 5PM on April 14, 2020.

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