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0(t) = 0
• The next approximationt
φ1 is obtained
t
by substituting 0(s)
for (s) into
1 (tthe
) right
f [ s, side of the integral equation. Thus
0 ( s )] ds f [ s, 0] ds
0 t 0
2 (t ) f [ s, 1 ( s )] ds
0 t
• Similarly, n 1 (t ) f [ s, n ( s )] ds
• And in general, 0
t
n 1 (t ) f [ s, n ( s )] ds
0
Sequence
1. Do all members of the sequence {n} exist, or may the
process break down at some stage?
2. Does the sequence converge?
3. What are the properties of the limit function? In particular,
does it satisfy the integral equation and hence the
corresponding initial value problem?
4. Is this the only solution or may there be others?
0 0
t
(t ) 2 s[1 ( s )] ds
0
1 (t )
2
t
2 1 0 1 2
let us examine φ(t) − φk(t) for increasing values of k in order to get a sense of the
interval of convergence:
2 .0
t
k=1→
1 .5
←k=10
1 .0
← k=20
0 .5
t
3 2 1 1 2 3
• There are details in this proof that are beyond the scope of
the text. If we assume uniform convergence of our
sequence over some interval |t| ≤ h ≤ a and the continuity
of f and its first partial derivative with respect to y for |t| ≤
h ≤ a, the following steps can be justified:
t
(t ) lim n 1 (t ) lim f [ s, n ( s )] ds
n n
t 0 t
lim f [ s, n ( s )] ds f [ s, lim n ( s)] ds
n n
0 0
t
f [ s, ( s )] ds
0
y ' f (t , y ), y (0) 0
t
y (t ) f [ s, ( s )] ds
0
(a) Determine .
7/120) y′ = ty + 1, y(0) = 0