ATTITUDE AND

ORBIT CONTROL
SYSTEM
P R E S E N T E D B Y: A M A N J I T K A U R
ROLL NO: LCO17567
6TH SEMESTER
LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Different Types Of Stabilization Techniques Of Altitude Of And Satellite .
 Spinning Stabilization
 Three Axis Stabilization/ Momentum wheels
Stabilization
2. Orbital Control System
CONTENTS
o Prerequisites
o Introduction
o AOCS
o Orbital Control
o Conclusion
PREREQUISITES
What is communication satellite?
  A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio
 telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a
source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites
are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are about
2,000 communications satellites in Earth's orbit, used by both private and government
organizations.[1] Many are in geostationary orbit 22,236 miles (35,785 km) above the equator,
so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky, so the satellite dish
 antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move
to track it.
PERQUISITES
What are satellite orbits?
An orbit is a regular, repeating path that one object in space takes around
another one. An object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural,
like Earth or the moon. Many planets have moons that orbit them. A satellite
can also be man-made, like the International Space Station.
Planets, comets, asteroids and other objects in the solar system orbit the sun.
Most of the objects orbiting the sun move along or close to an imaginary flat
surface. This imaginary surface is called the ecliptic plane.
STABILIZATION OF SATELLITE
There are two methods to make the satellite stable
Spinning the satellite
Momentum wheels /Three axis stabilization
 SPINING STABLIZATION
In this method, the body of the satellite rotates around its spin axis. In general, it can be rotated at
30 to 100 rpm in order to produce a force, which is of gyroscopic type. Due to this, the spin axis
gets stabilized and the satellite will point in the same direction. Satellites are of this type are called
as spinners.
Spinner contains a drum, which is of cylindrical shape. This drum is covered with solar cells. Power
systems and rockets are present in this drum.
Communication subsystem is placed on top of the drum. An electric motor drives this
communication system. The direction of this motor will be opposite to the rotation of satellite
body, so that the antennas point towards earth. The satellites, which perform this kind of operation
are called as de-spin.
During launching phase, the satellite spins when the small radial gas jets are operated. After this,
the de-spin system operates in order to make the TTCM subsystem antennas point towards earth
station.
 SPINNING OF SATELLITE
A spin stabilized satellite is usually cylindrical in shape, because the satellite is required to be
mechanically balanced about an axis, so that it can be maintained in orbit by spinning on its axis. For
example: GSO satellites.
• The spinning satellite will maintain its correct attitude without additional effort, unless disturbance
torques are introduced.
• External force such as solar radiation, gravitational gradients, and meteorite impacts can generate
undesired torques.
• Internal effects such as motor bearing friction and antenna subsystem movement can also produce
unwanted torque in the system.
• Impulse type thrusters, or jets, are used to maintain spin rate and correct any wobbling or nutation
to
the satellite spin axis.
THREE AXIS STABLIZATOIN
In this method, we can stabilize the satellite by using one or more momentum
wheels. This method is called as three-axis method. The advantage of this
method is that the orientation of the satellite in three axes will be controlled
and no need of rotating satellite’s main body.
In this method, the following three axes are considered.
Roll axis is considered in the direction in which the satellite moves in orbital
plane.
Yaw axis is considered in the direction towards earth.
Pitch axis is considered in the direction, which is perpendicular to orbital plane.
THREE AXIS STABLIZATOIN
In this method, each axis contains two gas jets. They will provide the rotation in both
directions of the three axes.
The first gas jet will be operated for some period of time, when there is a requirement of
satellite’s motion in a particular axis direction.
The second gas jet will be operated for same period of time, when the satellite reaches to the
desired position. So, the second gas jet will stop the motion of satellite in that axis direction.
THREE AXIS STABLIZATION
•
ORBIT CONTROL SYSTEM
Orbit control subsystem is useful in order to bring the satellite into its correct orbit, whenever
the satellite gets deviated from its orbit.
The TTCM subsystem present at earth station monitors the position of satellite. If there is any
change in satellite orbit, then it sends a signal regarding the correction to Orbit control
subsystem. Then, it will resolve that issue by bringing the satellite into the correct orbit.
In this way, the AOC subsystem takes care of the satellite position in the right orbit and at
right altitude during entire life span of the satellite in space.
Orbital control, often called station keeping, is the process required to maintain a satellite in
its proper orbit location. It is similar to, although not functionally the same as, attitude
control,discussed in the previous section.
ORBITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
• Orbital control is usually maintained with the same thruster system as is attitude control.
• The non-spherical (oblate) properties of the earth, primarily exhibited as an equatorial
bulge, cause the satellite to drift slowly in longitude along the equatorial plane.
• Control jets are pulsed to impart an opposite velocity component to the satellite, which
causes the satellite to drift back to its nominal position. These corrections are referred to as
east-west station keeping maneuvers, which are accomplished periodically every two to three
weeks.
ORBITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
CONLUSION
There are two methods of satellite stabilizations
1.Spinning stabilization
2.Three axis control stabilization
Need of orbital control….in north south region and in east west region. And how it is been
done,
THANKS