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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
11 – ATHENA REPORTER #2
CHAPTER 1:EXPLORING
DATA
LESSON 4:
Level of
Measurement
OVERVIEW
In this lesson we discuss the different levels of
measurement as we continue to explore data. Knowing
such will enable us to the data collection process we
need to employ in order to gather the appropriate
data for analysis.
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to


identify and differentiate the different level of
measurement and methods of data collection.
Development of the lesson
A. Motivational Activity
“Students who eat a healthy breakfast
will do best on quiz, students who eat an
unhealthy breakfast will get an average
performance, and students who do not
eat anything for breakfast will do the
worst on a quiz”
The challenge the students to apply a statistical process to investigate on the validity of this
statement. You could enumerate on the board the steps in the process to undertake like the
following:
1. Plan or design the collection of data to verify the validity of the
statement in away that maximizes information content and
minimizes bias.
2. Collect the data as required in the plan.
3. Verify the quality of the data after it was collected.

4. Summarize the information extracted from the data; and


5. Examine the summary statistics so that insight and meaningful
information can be produced to support your decision whether to
believe or not the given statement.
In planning or designing the
data collection activity , we
could consider the set of all
the students in the class as
our universe .
1. Do you usually have a
breakfast before going
Then let us identify the to school?
variables we need to observe
or measure to verify the 2. What do you usually
validity of the statement.
have for breakfast?
The responses in Questions Number 1 and 2
could lead us to identify whether a student in
the class had a healthy breakfast ,an uhealthy
breakfast or no breakfast at all.
As we describe the data collection process to
verify the validity of the statement ,there is
also a need to include the levels of
measurement for the variables of interest.
B.MAIN LESSON

1. Level of Measurement

There are four levels of Measurement of


variables :Nominal,Ordinal,Interval and
ratio.These are hierarchical in nature and
are described as follows:
NOMINAL LEVEL

 of measurement arises when we have variables that are


categorical and nonnumeric or where the number have
no sense of ordering .

EXAMPLE
e.g. gender, marital status, religious affiliation and number
on the uniforms of a basketball a players.
Examples of the variables measured at the
nominal level include:

Sex
Marital status
Religious affiliation
The numbers used are simply for
numerical codes,and cannot be used
for ordering and any mathematical
computation.
ORDINAL LEVEL

 also deals with categorical variables like the


nominal level,but in this level ordering is
important ,that is the values of the variable could
be ranked.
• For the study on the validity of the statement
regarding effect of breakfast on school
performance.
Examples of the ordinal scale include:

 Socio economic status( A to E, where A is


wealthy,E is poor)
 Difficulty of questions in an
exam( easy,medium difficult)
 Rank in a contest( First place,Second place,and
etc)
INTERVAL LEVEL

 tells us that one unit differs by a certain amount of


degree from another unit.
 Knowing how much one unit differs from another is an
additional property of the interval level on top of having
the properties posses by the ordinal level.
 But, we cannot say that 80 degrees Celsius is twice as hot
as 40 degrees Celsius since there is no true zero, but only
a arbitrary zero point.

 A measurement of 0 degrees Celsius does not reflect a true "


lack of temperature" .Thus, Celsius scale is in interval level.

 Other example of a variable measure at the interval is the


Intelligence Quotient( IQ) of a person. We can tell not only which
person ranks higher in IQ but also how much higher he or she ranks
with another, but zero IQ does not mean no intelligence.
 The students could also be classified or categorized
according to their IQ level.Hence, the IQ as measured in
the interval level has also the properties of those
measured in the ordinal as well as those in the nominal
level
RATIO LEVEL

• also tells us that one unit has so many times as much of


the property as does another unit.
• The ratio level possesses a meaningful ( unique and non-
arbitrary) absolute,fixed zero point and allows all
arithmetic operations.
• The existence of the zero point is the only difference
between ratio and interval level of measurement.
EXAMPLES OF THE RATIO SCALE INCLUDE:

 mass
 heights
 weights
 energy
 electric charge
 With mass as an example, the difference between 120
grams and 135 grams is 15 grams , and this is the same
difference between 380 grams and 395 grams .

 The level at any given point is constant,and a


measurement of 0 reflects a complete lack of
mass.
 Amount of money is also at the ratio level.We can say
that 2000 pesos is twice more than 1,000 pesos.In
addition,money has a true zero point;if you have zero
money,this implies the absence of money .
 For the study on the validity of the statement regarding
effect of breakfast on school performance ,the student 's
score in the quiz is measured at the ratio level.

 A score of zero implies that the students did not get a correct
answer at all.
 we have the following levels of measurement
LEVEL PROPERTY BASIC EMPIRICAL
OPERATION
NOMINAL Determination of
No order,distance,or equivalence
origin
ORDINAL Determination of
Has order but no greater or lesser values
distance or unique
origin
INTERVAL Both with order and Determination of
distance but no unique equality of intervals or
origin difference
RATIO Determination of
Has order,distance and equality of ratios or
unique origin means
Identify the level of
measurement for each of the
variable
VARIABLE LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

Class Student Number


Nominal

Sex
Nominal

Number of Siblings
Ratio

Weight ( in kilograms) Ratio

Height ( in centimeters)
Ratio
Age of mother
Ratio
Usual Daily Allowance in School ( Ratio
in pesos)
Usual Daily Food expenditure in
School ( in pesos) Ratio
Usual Number of Text Messages
Ratio
Sent in a Day
Usual Sleeping Time Nominal

Most Preferred Color


Nominal
Happiness Index for the day
Ordinal
2. Methods of Data Collection

Variables were observed or measured using any of


the three methods of data collection,namely:

1.Objective
2.Subjective
3.Use of existing records
 The objective and subjective methods obtained the
data directly from the source.
 The former uses any or combination of the five senses
( sense of sight,touch,hearing,taste,and smell) to
measure the variable while the latter obtains data by
getting responses through a questionnaire.
 The resulting data from these two methods of data
collection is referred to as primary data.
 The data gathered in lesson 2 are primary data and
were obtained using the subjective method.
 Secondary data are obtained through the use of existing
records or data collected by other entities for certain
purposes.
 For example,when we use data gathered by the
Philippine Statistics Authority, we are using secondary
data and the method we employ to get the data is the use
of existing records.
 Other data sources include administrative records,
new articles , internet , and the like
 How ever , we must be confident of the quality of
the data we are using by knowing how the data
were gathered.
 Also , we must remember to request permission
and acknowledge the source of the data when
using data gathered by other agency or people.
KEY POINTS

 Four levels of measurement:


Nominal,Ordinal,Interval,and Ratio
 Knowing what level the variable was measured or
observed will guide us to know the type of analysis
to apply.
 Three methods of data collection include
objective,subjective and use of existing records.
 Using the data collection method as basis,data can
be classified as either primary or secondary data.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
PREPARED BY: REA P. UMPAD
JANREY P. DELA PEÑA
ALVIN C. EDUARTE

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