REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 422
 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete is a mixture of cement and aggregates (fine and coarse).
• The maximum size of aggregates that can be used in reinforced concrete are as
follows:
• 1/5 of the narrowest dimensions between the sides of the forms
• 1/3 of the depth of slabs
• ¾ of the minimum clear spacing between the reinforcements
• Concrete has relatively high compressive strength but low in tensile strength.
Reinforcing steel bars are used to resists the tensile stresses.
 Compressive Strength
• Compressive strength of concrete (f’c) shall not be less than 17 MPa.
• Samples for strength tests must be tested at 28 days but testing is not
required if a given class of concrete is less than 40 cu.m.
• Samples are taken for every 120 cu.m of concrete or for every 500 sq.m of
surface area for slabs and walls.
 Compressive Strength
• Table 1. Required Average Compressive Strength (f’cr) when data are not
available.
Specified Compressive Strength Required Average Compressive Strength
(f’c in MPa) (f’cr in MPa)
Less than 21 MPa
21 f’c 35 MPa
Greater than 35 MPa
 Modulus of Elasticity
• Modulus
  of elasticity is the ratio of the normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile
or compressive stresses below the proportional limit of material.
• Modulus of elasticity for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as:
→ for between 1500 to 2500 kg/cu.m

→ for normal weight concrete

→ for normal weight concrete with f’c > 42 to 84 MPa

→ for lightweight concrete with f’c > 42 to 62 MPa
 Tensile Strength
•  The tensile strength of concrete ranges from 8 to 15% of its compressive
strength.
• Concrete tensile strength (f’ct) is indirectly tested in two ways.
• Modulus of Rupture Test

• Split Cylinder Test

 Shrinkage
• Shrinkage is the decrease in volume of concrete during hardening and
drying under constant temperature. The magnitude of shrinkage strains
depends upon the composition of the concrete.
• One factor that affects shrinkage is the water-cement ratio.
 Types of Shrinkage
• Drying Shrinkage
• Carbonation Shrinkage
• Plastic Shrinkage
 Hydration
• It is the chemical reaction between cement and water after the components
of concrete have been mixed together which produces significant
quantities of heat.
 Bleeding
• It is the rise of water to the concrete surface
 Cracking Moment
• It is the moment that causes the stress in the extreme fiber of unreinforced
beam to reach the modulus of rupture.