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provide for licensing of trade effluent discharges to sewers
‡ $  



    
!""Section 59
enables the Minister to make regulations for the collection,
treatment, discharge or disposal of sewage or other effluent to
waters by sanitary authorities.
‡

%


&'(
(  



 !"")(*|**!+)'!"")These Regulations
prescribe standards for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture.
‡ &









 !(*|*
,+'! These Regulations revoke and generally re-enact,
in consolidated form, the Environmental Protection Agency Act
1992 (Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations), 1994, as
amended, and prescribe a further 30 water bodies as sensitive
areas.


‡ 



r the flocculent mass of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, that
develops when sewage or liquid effluent is aerated;
r a continuous process in which a liquid effluent is aerated in a tank
to reduce the BOD and ammoniacal nitrogen
‡ 
r microorganisms that require oxygen for their respiratory
processes;
r an environment in which oxygen is available
‡

r microorganisms that do not require oxygen for their respiratory
processes;
r an environment in which oxygen is not available
‡ -describes a condition in which a liquid has become
devoid of oxygen and in which certain microorganisms can
obtain oxygen from nitrate or nitrite ions


‡ 
- 
./the amount of oxygen (in
mg) required by aerobic bacteria to decompose the
biodegradable organic material in 1 litre of an effluent
‡ 

 describes a substance that can be
decomposed by microorganisms
‡ '0
'
'a thin slimy layer of
microorganisms that develops on the surface of the media in
trickling filters, biotowers and contactors and oxidises organic
material from effluent
‡ 
a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
produced by the anaerobic digestion of sludges or organic
material in landfill sites; can be used to generate heat or power
‡ 1
- 
1./ the amount of oxygen (in
mg) required for the complete chemical oxidation of organic and
inorganic material in 1 litre of an effluent


‡ 1


 a process that alters the surface charge on
dispersed colloidal particles in a liquid so that they are able to
agglomerate; the first stage in floc formation
‡ /
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 / 2 a method of dissolving
pressurised air into a liquid to form small bubbles that will float
material to the surface
‡ $''

r a flow containing polluting material;
r liquid waste from sewage treatment, industry, agriculture
‡ $
3

 is a process taking place in natural waters. The
process is characterized by development of an environment
rich in nutrients and consequent proliferous plant production.
Man-made eutrophication of inland water courses and shallow
coastal waters is caused by excessive discharge of nutrients,
especially phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the form of PO4
and NO3.


‡ 2

 is the agglomeration of coagulated particles to
form a floc which can settle or float; may be assisted by
biological, chemical or mechanical means
‡ 2.2

.

are wastewater components from
food preparation, animal or vegetable processing; largely
insoluble in water, high COD and likely to float
‡ 4 34(is a foul smelling gas, a product of
the reduction of organic sulphur by anaerobic organisms
‡ | 
substances such as sand, clay and metals whose
molecular structures do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H)
bonds except as carbonates and similar
‡ %

14+is a highly calorific gas; 60 % of biogas;
produced during anaerobic biological processes; may
contribute to global warming
‡ %
are microscopic living creatures; bacteria,
protozoa, fungi and algae


‡ 


 


is a defined area, designated by
statutory order, within which measures are taken to minimise
the leaching of nitrates from agriculture into groundwater
‡ .
 substances such as proteins, sugars, wood and
plastics with molecular structures containing carbon-hydrogen
(C-H) bonds
‡ .-

 5 the chemical or biochemical change that occurs
when a substance combines with oxygen, for example during
combustion and respiration; the release of carbon dioxide and
energy from organic compounds
‡ 


5 a chemical or substance that causes harm in the
environment
‡ 

are natural or synthetic water-soluble
macromolecules that assist in the flocculation of dispersed
solids


‡  are managed wetlands used for the treatment of
wastewaters; commonly planted with Ä
 

 and
other species to facilitate BOD removal below soil surface
‡ (
 is the liquid effluent from domestic and industrial
activity. ( 
 refers to the system of pipes and pumps
which convey the sewage to the STP.
‡ (3 are solids of organic and inorganic origin
present in liquid effluents; concentration in (mg/l) measured by
filtration followed by drying at 105 oC
‡ 6


3 6.1are substances such as
solvents that are liquid at room temperature, but vaporise
significantly and take part in the generation of ozone pollution in
the lower atmosphere
‡

 

 is the analysis and revision of the use of
materials, processes, equipment and procedures in order to
reduce the unnecessary use of energy and resources, to
reduce the generation of effluents and wastes and to recycle
where practical







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BOD 100 - 300
COD 250 - 800
Suspended solids 100 - 350
Total nitrogen (as N) 20 ± 85
Ammonia (NH3 as N) 10 ± 30
Organic phosphorus (as P) 1±2
Inorganic phosphorus (as P) 3 ± 10
Oils, fats and grease 50 - 100
Total inorganic constituents 100
(Na, Cl, Mg, S, Ca, K, Si, Fe)
Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, < 1mg/l each
Pb, Hg, Ni, Ag, Zn)
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Suspended solids 40 ± 90
Chemical oxygen demand 20 ± 65
Total nitrogen 3 ± 10
Total phosphorus 2±3
Fats, oils, and grease 70 ± 150
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BOD ± mg/l <300 2 x 106 2 ± 5 x 103 5 ± 15 x 103 2 ± 5 x 103 5 ± 10 x 103
COD ± mg/l 300 ± 500 3 x 106 3 ± 10 x 103 20 ± 50 x 103 3 ± 10 x 103 20 ± 60 x 103
Suspended Solids ± 100 - 350 >1000 >1000 >2000
mg/l
Total N ± mg/l 20 ± 85 60 - 250 60 - 250 60 - 150 20 ± 250
Total P ± mg/l 2 ± 15 10 ± 50 10 ± 50 10 ± 30 2 ± 150
FOG ± mg/l 50 ± 200 >2000 >200 >1200
pH 6.5 - 8 7.5 2 - 12 5 ± 8.5 6 ± 8.5 2 - 12

@ '








‡ Screening
‡ Grit Removal
‡ Grease Removal
‡ Stormwater Handling
‡ Primary Sedimentation
(  



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‡ Limits the flow to Biological Treatment

during periods of high rainfall
‡ Prevents discharge of ³first flush´
‡ 1 ± 2 hours at maximum flow
‡ Return flow to inlet of works when
storm abates

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‡ Removes settleable solids
‡ Reduces BOD by up to
30%
‡ Can be source of odours
‡ Rectangular or circular
‡ Produces unstable sludge





‡ Biological Filters ‡ Hybrid Processes
r Trickling Filters r Biological Aerated Filters
r Rotating Biological r Moving Bed Biological
Contactors Reactors
‡ Activated Sludge r Membrane Biological
Reactors
r SBRs
‡ Biological Nutrient
‡ Anaerobic Processes
Removal
> 2




 
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‡ Discs of 1-3m diam. spaced
30mm apart are partially
submerged in the
supernatant liquid from
primary clarifiers and rotated
slowly (0.3m/s or 2-6 turns
per minute).
‡ Spinning the discs faster than
this will have negative affects
on the microbes.
‡ These devices can remove
around 7g of BOD /m2 /day.
‡ Care must be taken to avoid
the discs joining together due
to excess biomass build up.
‡ If the RBC stops for any
length of time then uneven
growths of biomass with
result which could cause
mechanical failure.
 


(

‡ In 1914, Ardern and Lockett noticed that the re-

suspension and re-aeration of settled sludge from
secondary clarifiers in a fresh batch of supernatant
from primary clarifiers caused the BOD to drop.
‡ Secondary clarifiers produced a purified supernatant
and an active sludge. The sludge could be recycled
again and would become activated with re-aeration
with new supernatant from the primary clarifiers.

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‡ AS is probably the most widely used biological

process for the treatment of organic and industrial
waste waters.

‡ The modern , AS process simply creates an agitated

environment where the same microbes are able to
stabilise the degradable material at a faster rate than
before.

‡ Suspended and colloidal material is removed rapidly

from the waste water by adsorption and
agglomeration on to the microbial flocs.
 


(

‡ The general processes that go on

r (



 o slow breakdown of adsorbed
materials
r % 


 o conversion of nutrients to
substances like carbon dioxide
r 

 o conversion of nutrients to cell
material
r $  3

 o microbial mass
converted to new cell material for new cells.
‡ The flocculent microbial mass is called



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‡ Food (F) - usually expressed in kg BOD,

‡ Microbial population - usually expressed as
kg mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is
also referred to as mass (M)
‡ The ratio of food to mass is usually called
F/M ratio and is a measure of the loading
rate.



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‡ Activated sludge is generally categorised based

on the F/M ratio as follows:
r High rate F/M ratio in the range 0.6 ± 1.8

r Conventional F/M ratio in the range 0.2 ± 0.5

r Extended Aeration F/M ratio in the range 0.04 ± 0.1




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‡ Can be either
r Mechanical Surface
Low Speed
High Speed
r Diffused Air
Coarse Bubble
Fine Bubble
r Pure Oxygen
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‡ Coarse or Fine Bubble

‡ Submerged header
and lateral system for
Air Distribution
‡ Ceramic dome or
membrane diffusers

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Oxygen transfer
coefficient is
affected by the
following factors:
r temperature;
r mixing intensity;


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0 r tank geometry;
>.7> 
r characteristics of
Fine bubble diffusers 2.0 - 2.5
the water.
Coarse bubble diffusers 0.8 - 1.2
Vertical shaft aerators up to 2.0
Horizontal shaft aerators up to 2.0
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500 - 800 m2/m3

10mm diameter
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor




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Membrane Technology

‡ Very High
Loading Rates
‡ Small Footprint
‡ High Quality
Treated Effluent
‡ Pathogen
Removal

/
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‡ Strong wastes which are high in
carbon are extremely suitable for
AD
‡ Digestion can take place at
either mesophillic (~36oC) or
thermophillic (~55oC) ranges
‡ Several proprietary process
have been developed ± Paques,
Biothane etc
‡ Methane will be produced which
can be used for CHP
‡ Sludge is also a byproduct
‡ Usually followed by an aerobic
stage
‡ Can be difficult to operate and
are susceptible to process upset

;
‡ 16 ± 25 m high
‡ 2 ± 10 m diameter
‡ Compact, small footprint, self
regulating and highly efficient
‡ Little biomass volume
‡ Fast, with a short hydraulic
retention time
‡ Capable of dealing with high
loading rates
‡ Uses biological alkalinity to
decrease neutralization costs
‡ Meets stringent requirements for
odour emissions, sludge
production and purification
grades
‡ Wide range of applications
‡ Short system start-up time




‡ Full scale applications for

more than 25 years,
‡ Reliable, efficient
treatment of industrial
wastewater.
‡ Designed to operate at
high COD loadings (10 to
15 kg COD per cubic
meter of reactor volume
per day),
‡ Very space efficient.
‡ Short hydraulic retention
time (less than 48 hours
for most applications).
(



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‡ ˜˜ Biological Treatment Processes produce

sludge
‡ Biological Sludge comprises C, N, P and other
trace elements
‡ Usually contains high proportion of water
r 1 ± 3% un-thickened
r ~ 20% after centrifuge of filter belt press
r 30 ± 40% after plate and frame press
r >80% after drying
‡ Sludge can be biologically active
‡ Can contain bacteria and viruses
(



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