BATTERY

TECHNOLOGY
HYBRID & ELECTRIC VEHICLES.
ENRIQUE RODRÍGUEZ ABOYTES
•  Electrification is the most viable way to achieve clean and efficient transportation

•  By 2020, it was expected that more than half of new vehicle sales will be EV models.

Since 1800´s…. sustainable development for a better world.

•  EV Golden period: Early years of 1900s, (almost double of EV than gasoline powered
cars.
•  EVs almost disappeared and gave the whole market to ICE cars by 1920 due to the
limitations:
• . Disadvantages of EV and/or batteries?
• .
• .
• .

How to improve batteries?

•  EV Golden period: 1900s, almost double of EV than gasoline powered cars.
•  EVs almost disappeared by 1920, due to the next limitations:
• weight,
• range,
• charging time,
• poor durability of batteries.

How to improve batteries?

•  EV batteries are quite different from those used in consumer electronic devices.

Why?
•  EV batteries are quite different from those used in consumer electronic devices.

• They are required to handle:

• high power (up to a hundred kW) and
• high energy capacity (up to tens of kWh)
• Be contained in a limited space and weight
• Affordable price.
 EXTENSIVE RESEARCH EFFORTS AND INVESTMENTS
TO BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES

• The U.S. government has been strongly supporting R&D activities in advanced batteries
through the Department of Energy (DOE): $2 billion to accelerate the manufacturing and
development of the next generation of U.S. batteries and EVs [1 ].
• European Commission and Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI):
R&D activities in advanced batteries.
• BYD obtained strong subsidy supports from the Chinese government R&D: advanced
batteries and electric vehicles.
2 MAJOR BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR EV:

• Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)

• Lithium ion (Li-ion).

• Many HEVs available use NiMH batteries because of its mature technology.
• Due to the potential of obtaining higher specific energy and energy density, the adoption
of Li-ion batteries is expected to grow,

What is the difference between high

specific energy & energy density?
SPECIFIC ENERGY & ENERGY DENSITY

• Specific energy and energy density are useful measures of the energy that will be
released from a given weight or volume of fuel when it is burned.

• Specific energy is the energy per unit mass of a fuel.

  𝐸
𝐸𝑠 =
𝑚

• Energy density is the energy per unit volume of a fuel.

  𝐸
𝐸𝑑 =
𝑉
neutrium.net
neutrium.net
POWER AND ENERGY OF ELECTRIC PROPULSION

•  The energy (EV vehicle) is supplied by the battery.

•  In addition, the EV needs regenerative braking so that the kinetic energy of the moving
vehicle can be captured and stored in battery for future use.
•  The acceleration of a vehicle is determined by all the forces applied on it, which is given
by Newton’s second law as:
• Mass factor that converts the rotational
inertias of rotating components into
equivalent translational mass.
• Overall mass of vehicle
• Vehicle acceleration
• Total traction force
• Total resistive force
•  The total resistance can be estimated as:

• Total resistive force • Cd  is the aerodynamic drag

• Total vehicle mass coefficient,
• Acceleration of gravity • V  is the vehicle speed,
• Coefficient of rolling resistance between • Vw  is the wind speed in the vehicle
tires and road surface, moving direction,
• Density of the air, • Slope angle. For a downhill slope,  it
• Vehicle frontal area, will have a negative value.
BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES

• Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
• Lead-Acid Batteries
• Ultracapacitors

www.afdc.energy.gov
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

• Advantages:
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

• Advantages:
• high energy per unit mass
• high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency,
• high-temperature performance, and
• low self-discharge.
• Most components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled.
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

• Advantages:

• .

• The main challenges are:

• their high cost,
• high self-discharge and
• heat generation at high temperatures,
• and the need to control hydrogen loss.
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

• Advantages:
• Offer reasonable specific energy and specific power capabilities.
• Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and
abuse tolerant.

• The main challenges are:

• their high cost,
• high self-discharge and
• heat generation at high temperatures,
• and the need to control hydrogen loss.
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

• Advantages:

• .

• Disadvantages:
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

• Advantages:
• Can be designed to release high power
• Inexpensive,
• Safe,
• Reliable.

• Disadvantages:
• Low specific energy,
• Poor cold-temperature performance,
• Short calendar and cycle life impede their use.
• Corrosion
• Highly polluting
ULTRACAPACITORS

• Ultracapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte.

• Ultracapacitors can provide additional power during
• acceleration
• hill climbing
• help recover braking energy.

• They may also be useful as secondary energy-storage devices in electric drive vehicles
because they help electrochemical batteries level load power.
DISADVANTAGES...?

https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_batteries.html
 NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE
TOYOTA PRIUS 2ND GEN HYBRID BATTERY

• The battery pack consists of 28 Panasonic prismatic nickel metal hydride modules—
each containing six 1.2 volt cells—connected in series to produce a nominal voltage
of 201.6 volts. The total number of cells is 168, compared with 228 cells packaged in
38 modules in the first generation Prius. Is positioned behind the back seat.
• The weight of the complete battery pack is 53.3 kg. The discharge power capability
of the Prius pack is about 20 kW at 50 percent state-of-charge. The power capability
increases with higher temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures. The Prius
has a computer that’s solely dedicated to keeping the Prius battery at the optimum
temperature and optimum charge level. The Prius supplies conditioned air from the
cabin as thermal management for cooling the batteries. The air is drawn by a 12-volt
blower installed above the driver’s side rear tire well.
TOYOTA HIGHLANDER HYBRID BATTERY

• The nickel metal hydride battery used in Highlander Hybrid—and the Lexus RX 400h—
is packaged in a newly developed metal battery casing. The 240 cells can deliver high
voltage of 288 volts—but the motor-generators units can operate on variable voltage
anywhere from 280 volts to 650 volts. The battery pack supplies 288 volts, but the boost
converter, a part of the inverter above the transaxle, changes this to 500 volts. This
battery pack provides 40 percent more power than the Prius battery, despite being 18
percent smaller.
• Each of the modules has its own monitoring and cooling control system. The cooling
performance reduces efficiency losses due to excessive heat, ensuring that the battery can
supply required electric power to the motors at all times. The battery-monitoring unit
manages discharge and recharging by the generator and motors to keep the charge level
constant while the car is running. The battery pack is stowed under the rear seats.
FORD ESCAPE HYBRID BATTERY

• The Ford Escape Hybrid’s battery pack, made by Sanyo,

consists of 250 individual nickel metal hydride cells. As with
other hybrid battery packs, the cells are similar in shape to a
size D flashlight battery. Each individual battery cell, contained
in a stainless steel case, is 1.3 volts. The cells are welded and
wrapped together in groups of five to form a module. There are
50 modules in the battery pack. The total voltage of the battery
pack is 330 volts.
HONDA INSIGHT BATTERY

• The Honda Insight’s battery pack, made up of 120 Panasonic 1.2-

volt nickel metal hydride D cells is capable of 100A discharge,
and 50A charge rates. The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah
to extend battery life. Total battery pack output is 144 volts. The
batteries are located under the cargo compartment floor, along with
the Honda Integrated Motor Assist’s power control unit. Honda
used technology developed for its EV Plus electric car for the
original development of the Insight’s battery system.
SATURN VUE HYBRID BATTERY

• The Saturn Vue Green Line’s 36-volt nickel metal hydride battery,
designed and made in America by Cobasys, is capable of delivering
and receiving more than 14.5 kW of peak power. The hybrid system is
used to provide both 12-volt accessory power and power to charge
the battery pack. The pack fits under the cargo area, leaving cargo
room unchanged from the standard Vue—but drivers lose the benefit of
a spare tire.